Ch 1 The Vine Overview

Question 1

• What are the main species of vine?

Answer 1

1. Vitis vinfera
   2. Vitis labrusca
   3. Vitis riparia
   4. Vitis berlandieri
   5. Vitis rupestris

Question 2

• What are main components of vine anatomy?

Answer 2

1. Shoots
   2. 1 year old wood
   3. Permanent wood
   4. Lateral shoots
   5. Canopy - overall term for shoots and their major structures

Question 3

• What role does shoot play?

Answer 3

○ Transports water and solutes which include minerals and sugars
○ Stores carbohydrates

Question 4

• What are nodes and internodes?

Answer 4

○ Places along shoot where other structures are attached
○ Inter-nodes are spaces between nodes

Question 5

What is a cane?

Answer 5

○ Lignified shoots in late summer after leaves fall from vine
○ Pruned in winter to leave structures for next year

Question 6

What are main components of shoots?

Answer 6

○ Buds
○ Lateral Shoots
○ Tendrils
○ Leaves
○ Inflorescences
○ Bunches
○ Grapes

Question 7

What are buds, where do they form and what role do they play in grape production?

Answer 7

○ Contain all structures for future green parts of vine which are?
* Stem, buds, tendrils, leaves and inflorescences
* Form between leaf stalk (petiole) and stem

Question 8

What are the green parts of the vine?

Answer 8

Stem, buds, tendrils, leaves and inforescences

Question 9

What are the 2 main typs of buds

Answer 9

○ What are compound (latent) buds?
§ Form in one growing season and open to produce shoots in NEXT season
§ Have a primary bud and also secondary and tertiary buds which open only if primary is damaged
○ What are prompt buds?
§ Form and open in same growing season
§ Form on primary shoot that came from compound bud and produce lateral shoots

Question 10

What are lateral shoots and what role do they play?

Answer 10

○ Formed from prompt buds
○ Have stem, leaves, buds, tendrils and maybe inflor
○ Main function - allow vine to keep growing if end of primary shoot is damaged/eaten

Question 11

Main benefits and risks of lateral shoots and how are they managed?

Answer 11

• Benefits: Allow continued growth, Additional photosynthesis
• Risks - impede airflow, can shade fruit too much
• Manage with summer pruning –> canopy management

Question 12

What are main considerations for inflorescences on lateral shoots, what are they called and how are they managed?

Answer 12

Second Crop
* Ripen later - higher acid, lower sugar, unripe tannin and aromas/flavors, less color (red)
* Depends on variety and canopy management - common with PN

Question 13

What is green harvest and why

hand vs machine pro/cons

Answer 13

Summer pruning to remove second crop
* Why - enhance ripening, improve uniformity of ripening, reduce risk of fungal disease, make vineyard easier to manage
* Hand harvest allows selection; not possible iwth machine - can impact must and final wine

Question 14

What are tendrils and what is role in grape production?

Answer 14

○ Support vine on trees (natural) or trellis
○ Most growers tie canes and shoots as well

Question 15

What are leaves and what is their role in grape production?

Answer 15

Main source of energy growth thru photosynthesis via sugars created that allow for vine growth and metabolism; as C02 drawn in thru stomata and water released, water and nutrients drawn up from soil through vines to leaves.

Question 16

What are stomata?

Answer 16

Pores in underside of leaves that allow CO2 in and water out (transpiration)
Open stomata allow water vapor out and C02 and 02 to diffuse in and out of leaves

Question 17

What is transpiration

Answer 17

Process by which plants release H20 into atomsphere through evaporation
* draws water and nutrients from soil through vine to the leaves

Question 18

What happens if vines water stressed

In context of role of leaves in grape production (Ch 1)

Answer 18

Risk - stomata partially close if vine is water stressed –> conserves water but limits photosynthesis by preventing CO2 from entering vine

Question 19

What are inflorescences and what role do they play in grape production?

Answer 19

○ Cluster of flowers on a stem –> becomes a bunch of grapes at fruit set
○ Usually between 1-3 inflor (depends on var)

Question 20

What is a bunch and what role do they play in grape production?

Answer 20

• Fertilized inflorescence
• Usually, not all flowers in inflor are fertilized
• Some have tight bunches (PN) –> more prone to disease due to lack of air flow and skin splitting during growth

Question 21

What are the 3 components of a grape and what do they contain?

Answer 21

Pulp - water, sugar, acids, aroma compounds, aroma precursors - majority of weight/volume - usually no color
Skin - high conentration of aroma compounds, aroma precursors, tannin and color compounds - much higher in black grapes
Seeds - tannin, oils, embryo which can make new plant (mature from yellow to brown)
Bloom - waxy coating on skin

Question 22

What is teinturier

Answer 22

Rare grapes with colored (red) pulp
E.g. alicante bouche

Question 23

What is one year wood and its role in grape production?

Answer 23

○ Shoots from prev growing season not pruned
○ Amt depends on pruning/training decisions
○ Key role - supports compound buds
- Will either be a cane or a spur depending on pruning decisions

Question 24

What is permanent wood and what is its role in grape production?

Answer 24

Woody parts of the vine left for more than 1 year - incl the trunk
Become cordons (depending on training decisions)
Role - support for vine, transport water and solutes to vine, store carbs and nutrients

Question 25

What are cordons?

Answer 25

One or more horizontal arms - depend on pruning and training decisions

Question 26

What are roots and what role do they play in grape production?

Answer 26

○ Anchor vine
○ Uptake of water and nutrients
○ Store carbs
○ Produce hormones that help vine growth and grape ripening

Question 27

What is structure of vine roots and what influences them?

Answer 27

○ Mostly found in top 50cm of soil, though can go deeper
○ Root structure infl by soil, irrigation, cultivation and type of rootstock
○ Water and nutrients absorbed at the tips

Question 28

Vine Propagation

What are main methods of vine propagation and what are their pros/cons?

Answer 28

Cutting and layering - create genetically identical plants to parent
1. Cutting - take piece of existing vine and plant to make new vine - most common approach
* Adv - can do many cuttings from a vine, allows use of rootstocks, can be treated in nursery to avoid disease

2. Layering - used to fill in gaps in vineyard, put shoot from established vine in ground - cut when grown
   * Disadv - vine grows on own roots - no root stock - risk of phylloxera and not benefit from desired char of root stock

Clonal selection and Mass Selection

Question 29

Why are seeds not used to make new vines and what is it used for?

Answer 29

Do not create genetically identical offspring - think of siblings with different traits
Is used to make new grape varieties

Question 30

What is cloning and why is it used?

Clonal Selection vs Mass Selection

Answer 30

Vines can mutate when propagated - cloning is selection of desireable mutations
- creates diversity in vineyard

Clonal Selection - vines with favorable char selected by growers/nurseries for propagation by cuttings
* same basic genetics with slightly different char - NOT different variety

Mass Selection - natural mutation selection - older method
* take cuttings from several different vines and plant and cultivate and choose best for propagation after monitoring
* Adv- increased diversity of planting material in vineyard; owner has unique source of vine material
* Disadv - costly in time and labor; can spread disease propensity passed onto new vines

Question 31

Grape variety example with lots of clones

Answer 31

Pinot Noir
Clone 115 - small berries - good for high quality production
Clone 521 - bigger berries, higher yields - good for sparkling wine - less tannin/color

Question 32

Examples of new varieties that arose naturally from mutation?

Answer 32

Pinot mutations:
- PN
- PG
- Meunier
- PB

Question 33

What is most common way of obtaining new planting material? Pros/Cons and how address?

Clonal selection

Answer 33

§ Buy young vine clones from nursery –> usually have limited specific set of clones
§ Advantages: tested to be virus-free, limited clone selection offered ->uniformity in vineyard -> easier to manage
§ Disadvantages: less diversity in fruit -> less complexity/balance in wine; vineyard more at risk for disease
§ Grower usually buys multiple clones of same var

Question 34

New grape varieties

How are new varieties made? Name and describe the process

Answer 34

Made from seeds
Cross-fertilization - pollen from stamen of one vine transfered to stigmas of another - grapes develop and seeds planted
**Vines that grow are different than parent - think of siblings - not identical but related
**If have desireable char - propagate with cuttings
2 options - cross and hybrid

Question 35

What are crosses and hybrids and examples

Answer 35

Cross - parent vines from same SPECIES (Pinotage = PN x Cinsault)
Hybrid - parent vines from different SPECIES (Vidal Blanc = ugni blanc (vv) and Seibel species
* hybrids mostly done for favorable char of rootstock - resitance to disease, pests and climate conditions

Question 36

Compare vine propagation, cloning, mass selection and creating new grape varieties - how relate to each other?

Answer 36

Vine propagation - via cutting/layering - creates new vines genetically IDENTICAL to parent
New varieties - created using seeds - not identical to parent
Clones - arise via mutations during propagation that create favorable char within a variety

Question 37

What is the difference in how to create new vines vs new grape varieties?

Answer 37

New vines done thru propagation to create genetically identical plant; mutations do create variance
New grape varieties - created through planting seeds and cross-fertilization