Ch 1: Brain Injury Overview Flashcards
What is the annual cost to society when individuals with brain injury do not receive proper care?
$76.5 billion
What are the three reason why individuals with brain injury are at risk for developing significant disability?
- awareness and understanding of brain injury remain fairly limited
- brain injury is frequently not identified
- treatment is not always readily available
What is an acquired brain injury?
Injury that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma.
Define TBI
an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force.
What is a traumatic impact injury?
Head is struck by or against an object resulting in open or closed injury
What can happen as a result of a closed injury?
can cause brain lacerations, contusions, or intracerebral hemorrhage within the brain causing focal injuries. (coup-countercoup)
What is a diffuse axonal injury? (DAI)
Tearing or shearing of axons
What is an open injury?
breach of the skull or the meninges, often resulting in focal injuries (i.e.: epidural or subdural hematoma, or intracerebral hemorrhage)
What is a major complication of penetrating injuries?
secondary infection due to skull or meningeal breach
What are traumatic inertial injuries?
non-impact injuries resulting from inertial force (acceleration deceleration forces)
What is a coup injury
The injury to the brain when it contacts the skull during brain acceleration forward
What is countrecoup injury?
where the brain rebounds to (opposite side) of the skull after coup injury
What happens when rotational or angular forces apply to the injury?
DAI
What is a non-traumatic brain injury?
causes damage to the brain by internal factors, such as lack of O2 or nutrients to the nerve cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from a tumor/blockage, or other neurological disorders
primary injury
primary damage, mechanical damage
secondary injury
pathophysiological processes and delayed non-mechanical processes
What is the estimated annual incidence rate of TBI?
2.5 million
What is the risk for a second TBI after the first one?
3x greater