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Hematology > Ch. 1 - An Overview of Clinical Laboratory Hematology > Flashcards

Ch. 1 - An Overview of Clinical Laboratory Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

The average human possesses how many liters of blood?

A

5L

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2
Q

Enumerate functions of the blood

A

Transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues
Clears tissues of carbon dioxide
Transports glucose, proteins, and fats
Moves wastes to the liver and kidneys

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3
Q

What is the liquid portion of blood? This is also responsible for the transport and nourishment of blood cells.

A

Plasma

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4
Q

Enumerate the three families of blood cells

A

Red blood cells (RBC) or erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes
Platelets or thrombocytes

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5
Q

The study of blood cells and of the liquid and cellular portion of the blood hemoglobin functions, disorders, and significance.

A

Hematology

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6
Q

What are the uses of hematology?

A

To predict, detect, and diagnose blood diseases and many systemic diseases that affect blood cells.

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7
Q

The scientist who described “worms” in the blood in the year 1657

A

Athanasius Kircher

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8
Q

The scientist who gave an account about the RBCs in the year 1674

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

The scientist who described platelets as “petite plaques” during the late 1800s

A

Giulio Bizzozero

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10
Q

Developer of the Wright stain during the year 1902

A

James Homer Wright

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11
Q

It is known as the heart of blood cell identification

A

Wright’s Romanowsky-type stain

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12
Q

A type of mixture composed of acidic (stains basic components: cytoplasm) and basic (stains acidic components: nucleus) dyes

A

Polychromatic

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13
Q

What is the scientific term for cell appearance? This encompasses cell color, size, shape, cytoplasmic inclusions, and nuclear condensation.

A

Morphology

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14
Q

These are anucleate biconcave cells filled with a reddish protein which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Red blood cells (RBC)

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15
Q

Reddish protein found within the RBCs

A

Hemoglobin (Hb, HGB)

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16
Q

Cells that appear pink to red and measure 6-8 um in diameter with a zone of pallor covering one third of their center

A

RBCs

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17
Q

A condition wherein there is a loss of oxygen carrying capacity by the RBCs; often reflected in a reduced RBC count

A

Anemia

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18
Q

A condition where there is an increased RBC count reflecting increased body RBC mass (a condition that leads to hyperviscosity)

A

Polycythemia

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19
Q

In counting RBCs, a tiny aliqout of whole blood must be mixed with _____. This saline concentration matches the osmolality of normal blood.

A

0.85% (normal) saline

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20
Q

A pipette designed to provide the typical dilution for RBC counts which is 1:200

A

Thoma pipette

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21
Q

The diluted blood was transferred to a counting chamber or _____.

A

Hemacytometer

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22
Q

Enumerate the units used in reporting RBC count

A

Cells per:
Microliter (mcL)
Milliliter (mL) or Cubic Centimeter (cc)
Liter (L)

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23
Q

Patented the first electronic counter during the year 1953

A

Joseph and Wallace Coulter (Coulter counter)

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24
Q

What is the Coulter principle that is still being used for RBC counting in many automated hematology profiling instruments.

A

Direct current electrical impedance

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25
Q

Hemoglobin measurement relies on a weak solution called _____. This is used in manual and most automated applications.

A

Drabkin reagent

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26
Q

The Drabkin reagent is composed of _____ and _____.

A

Potassium cyanide

Potassium ferricyanide

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27
Q

An aliquot of whole blood mixed with a measured amount of Drabkin reagent converts hemoglobin to _____.

A

Cyanmethemoglobin (Hemiglobincyanide)

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28
Q

The solution of an aliquot of whole blood and Drabkin reagent is placed in a photometer with incident light at what wavelength?

A

540 nm

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29
Q

To reduce environmental cyanide, some automated hematology profiling instruments use a formulation of the ionic surfactant (detergent) _____.

A

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

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30
Q

This is the ratio of the volume of RBCs to the volume of whole blood

A

Hematocrit (HCT)

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31
Q

This is determined by transferring blood to a graduated plastic tube, centrifuging, measuring the column of RBCs, and dividing by the total length of RBCs plus plasma.

A

Hematocrit (HCT)

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32
Q

What is the normal ratio of Hematocrit?

A

50%

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33
Q

Aside from Hct, hematocrit is also known as _____.

A

Packed cell volume

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34
Q

In the name “Packed cell volume”, what does the “packed cell” refer to?

A

RBCs

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35
Q

This is a light-colored layer between the RBCs and plasma.

A

Buffy coat

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36
Q

The buffy coat contains _____ and _____.

A

WBCs

Platelets

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37
Q

Enumerate the four RBC indices.

A

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
RBC Distribution Width (RDW)

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38
Q

Enumerate the three numerical results used to compute for the RBC indices.

A

RBC Count
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit

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39
Q

The RBC indice that, although is a measurement of volume, reflects RBC diameter on a Wright-stained blood smear

A

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

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40
Q

What is Mean Cell Volume (MCV)?

A

An RBC indice that, although is a measurement of volume, reflects RBC diameter on a Wright-stained blood smear

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41
Q

The RBC indice that expresses the mass of hemoglobin and closely reflects the MCHC.

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)

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42
Q

What is Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)?

A

An RBC indice that expresses the mass of hemoglobin and closely reflects the MCHC.

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43
Q

The RBC indice that reflects RBC staining intensity or degree of palor.

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

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44
Q

What is Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)?

A

An RBC indice that reflects RBC staining intensity or degree of palor.

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45
Q

The RBC indice that expresses the degree of variation in RBC volume.

A

RBC Distribution Width (RDW)

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46
Q

What is RBC Distribution Width (RDW)?

A

An RBC indice that expresses the degree of variation in RBC volume.

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47
Q

The RBC indice that is based on the standard deviation of RBC volume and is routinely reported by automated cell counters but cannot be provided using manual RBC measurements

A

RBC Distribution Width (RDW)

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48
Q

Extreme RBC volume variability, which is visible on the Wright stained blood film as variation on diameter, is called _____.

A

Anisocytosis

49
Q

RBC variation of shape is called _____.

A

Poikilocytosis

50
Q

What are the parameters that are used to detect, diagnose, assess the severity of, and monitor the treatment of anemia, polycythemia, and numerous systemic conditions that affect RBCs.

A 
RBC count
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Indices
RBC Morphology
51
Q

In the Wright-stained film, the 1% to 2% of RBCs that exceed the 6 - 8 um average diameter and stains slightly blue-gray are called _____. These are newly released form the RBC production site.

A

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes

52
Q

Where is the RBC production site?

A

Bone marrow

53
Q

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes are closely observed because they indicate _____ during blood loss and certain anemias.

A

Bone marrow regeneration

54
Q

Young RBCs are counted and differentiated using methylene blue dyes called _____ or _____.

A

Nucleic acid stains

Vital stains

55
Q

These are dyes that are absorbed by live cells.

A

Nucleic acid stains

Vital stains

56
Q

_____ are young RBCs that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) that was highlighted using vital stains.

A

Reticulocytes

57
Q

These not-really-blood-cells, are a loosely related grouping of cell families dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury. They are nearly colorless in an unstained cell suspension.

A

White blood cells (WBC)

Leukocytes

58
Q

An extreme increase in the WBC count imparts a milky appearance to the blood during this disease.

A

Chronic leukemia

59
Q

What are the instruments used to visually count WBCs?

A

Microscope
Hemacytometer
Thoma pipette

60
Q

The typical dilution for RBC counting is 1:_____ while it is 1:_____ in WBC.

A

200

20

61
Q

The diluent for WBC counting is composed of _____ in normal saline.

A

Dilute acetic acid

62
Q

This causes RBCs to lyse and rupture.

A

Dilute acetic acid

63
Q

What is the range of normal WBC count?

A

4,500 - 11,500/mcL

64
Q

The condition wherein there is decreased WBC count (fewer than 4,500/mcL).

A

Leukopenia

65
Q

The condition wherein there is increased WBC count (more than 11,500/mcL).

A

Leukocytosis

66
Q

What must be used to differentiate the families of WBCs transported in the blood?

A

Wright-stained blood film

Light microscopy

67
Q

What are the types of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes (Segs/PMNs, bands, eosinophils, basophils)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

68
Q

These are cells whose sole purpose is to engulf and destroy bacteria that have been earlier labeled as harmful by the immune system.

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Segmented neutrophils
Segs

69
Q

An increase in segs is called _____.

A

Neutrophilia

70
Q

Neutrophilia signals what type of infection?

A

Bacterial infection

71
Q

A decrease in segs is called _____.

A

Neutropenia

72
Q

What causes neutropenia?

A

Long-term drug administration

Viral infection

73
Q

These are cells that are part of the seg family but are less differentiated or less “mature”.

A

Band neutrophils

Bands

74
Q

An increase in bands signals what type of infection?

A

Bacterial infection

75
Q

Bacterial infection signaled by an increase in bands is called _____.

A

Left shift

76
Q

What part of the segs and bands contains submicroscopic, pink-staining granules filled with bactericidal secretions?

A

Cytoplasm

77
Q

A type of WBC that has bright orange, regular cytoplasmic granules filled with anti-histamine.

A

Eosinophils

EOs

78
Q

An increase in eosinophils is called _____.

A

Eosinophilia

79
Q

Eosinophilia signals a response to _____ or _____ infection.

A

Allergy

Parasitic

80
Q

These are cells with dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus.

A

Basophils

Basos

81
Q

An elevated basophil count is called _____.

A

Basophilia

82
Q

Basophilia is rare and often signals what type of disease?

A

Hematologic disease, such as leukemia

83
Q

Although different in functions, segs, bands, eosinophils, and basophils are collectively referred to as granulocytes due to their prominent _____.

A

Cytoplasmic granules

84
Q

This disease is referred to as an uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs.

A

Leukemia

85
Q

This type of WBC comprise a complex system of cells that provide for host immunity. They recognize foreign antigens and mount antibody (humoral) and cell-mediated antagonistic responses.

A

Lymphocytes

86
Q

What would be the features of most lymphocytes under a Wright-stained film?

A

Nearly round
Slightly larger than RBCs
Have round featureless nuclei
Thin rim of nongranular light blue cytoplasm

87
Q

An increase in lymphocyte count is called _____.

A

Lymphocytosis

88
Q

Lymphocytosis is usually associated with what type of infections?

A

Viral

89
Q

A decrease in lymphocyte count is called _____.

A

Lymphopenia

Lymphocytopenia

90
Q

Lymphocytopenia is assocciated with _____ or _____.

A

Long-term drug therapy

Immunodeficiency

91
Q

A type of leukemia prevelant in people older than 70 years

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

92
Q

The most common form of childhood leukemia

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

93
Q

A type of WBC that is an immature macrophage passing through the blood from its point of origin, usually the bone marrow, to a targeted prime locatioin.

A

Monocytes

Monos

94
Q

These are the most abundant cells in the body although they are a minor component of the blood film differential count. They occupy every body cavity; some are motile and some immobilized.

A

Macrophages

95
Q

Their task is to identify and phagocytose (engulf) foreign particles and assist lymphocytes in mounting an immune response through the assembly and presentation of immunogenic epitopes.

A

Macrophages

96
Q

What are the features of the monos under a Wright-stained film?

A

Slightly larger diameter than other WBCs
Gray cytoplasm
Lobulated nucleus

97
Q

An increase in the number of monocytes is called _____.

A

Monocytosis

98
Q

Monocytosis is associated with what type of disease?

A

Hematologic, leukemia

99
Q

Although seldom used, decreased mono count is called _____.

A

Monocytopenia

100
Q

Leukemia related to granulocytes

A 
Chronic myelogenous (granulocytic) leukemia
Acute myeloblastic leukemia
101
Q

Leukemia related to lymphocytes

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

102
Q

Leukemia related to monocytes

A

Chronic or acute monocytic leukemia

103
Q

These are true blood cells that maintain blood vessel integrity by instigating vessel wall repairs and control hemostasis.

A

Platelet

Thrombocytes

104
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Clot formation

105
Q

These cells rapidly adhere to the surfaces of damaged blood vessels, form aggregates with neighboring platelets to plug the vessels, and secrete proteins and small molecules that trigger thrombosis.

A

Platelets

106
Q

This is a series of cellular and plasma-based mechanisms that seals wounds, repairs vessel walls, and maintains vascular patency (condition of blood vessels not being blocked or obstructed).

A

Hemostasis

107
Q

These cells are 2-4 um in diameter, round or oval, anucleate and slightly granular.

A

Platelets

108
Q

This condition is responsible for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, acute myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), cerebrovascular accidents (strokes), peripheral artery disease, and repeated spontaneous abortions (miscarriage).

A

Uncontrolled platelet and hemostatic activation

109
Q

Counting of the platelets is confined to what part of the hemacytometer?

A

Center square millimeter

110
Q

What type of microscopy would make it easier to identify platelets in a hemacytometer?

A

Phase microscopy

111
Q

A condition wherein there is elevated platelet counts. This signals inflammation or trauma but carry small intrinsic significance.

A

Thrombocytosis

112
Q

This is a rare malignant condition characterized by extremely high platelet counts and uncontrolled platelet production. It is a life-threatening hematologic disorder.

A

Essential thrombocythemia

113
Q

A condition wherein there is low platelet count. It is a common consequence of drug treatment and may be life-threatening. Usually accompanied by easy bruising and uncontrolled hemorrhage.

A

Thrombocytopenia

114
Q

Who can take a blood sample for a complete blood count?

A 
Medical laboratory scientist
Phlebotomist
Nurse
Physician
Patient care technician
115
Q

The term used to describe an inappropriate anticoagulant-to-specimen ratio.

A

Short draws

116
Q

The scientist who will obtain the blood sample for CBC is responsible for the integrity of the specimen and must ensure that it is free from _____, _____ and _____.

A

Clots
Hemolysis
Short draws

117
Q

It is the process of ensuring that the specimen is fresh enough for accurate analysis and then accurately registering the specimen in the work list.

A

Specimen accession

118
Q

These are cells that are structural and do not flow in the blood stream; the endodermal cells that form the inner surface of the blood vessel.

A

Endothelial cells

119
Q

Give three importance of endothelial cells.

A

Maintaining normal blood flow
Snaring platelets during times of injury
Enables WBCs to escape from the vessel to the surrounding tissue when called upon.

Hematology (13 decks)

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