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Psychology > ch 1 > Flashcards

ch 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

deviance

A

somethings that differs from society’s ideas about the proper way to function

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2
Q

What are the 4 D’s ?

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

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3
Q

distress

A

behavior, ideas, and emotions have to cause distress before being considered abnormal

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4
Q

dysfunction

A

interferes with daily functioning

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5
Q

danger

A

may be dangerous to self/others

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6
Q

clinical criteria for abnormality

A
  • maladaptive to self + society
  • is behavior/characteristic in the DSM-5
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7
Q

Prehistorical treatments

A

abnormality was believed to be caused by evil spirits so they would perform an exorcism and a trephination (drilled hole in skull)

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8
Q

Greek + Roman views

A

illnesses had physical causes

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9
Q

humeral theory of disorders

A

normal brain functioning was related to four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bite, and phlegm

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10
Q

sanguine (blood)

A

optimism, insomnia

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11
Q

melancholic

A

depressive personality (too much black bile in the brain)

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12
Q

phlegmatic personality

A

apathy/calm under stress

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13
Q

choleric person (yellow bile)

A

hot tempered

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14
Q

treatment for imbalance of 4 humors

A

bloodletting

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15
Q

bloodletting

A

extraction of blood from patient’s to restore the balance of humors in body

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16
Q

middle ages

A

exorcism of evil spirits

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17
Q

Renaissance

A

having a mental disorder meant you were sick (somatogenic), so one would get sent to an asylum

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18
Q

19th century

A

moral treatment which had humane and respectful techniques

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19
Q

1950’s changes

A

new medications led to deinstitutionalization and an increase in outpatient care

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20
Q

current trends in psychology

A
  • outpatient care/ short-term inpatient care
  • long wait times
  • high cost to society (50 billion/year)
  • new focus is PREVENTION
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21
Q

Indigenous Perspectives on Mental Health (video)

A
  • need to find parallels between Indigenous practices and western practices
  • elders: ghosts, oral mental health
  • western practices: trauma
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22
Q

Euro-Americans view on mental health

A

not worried about stigma

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23
Q

African-Americans

A

very concerned about stigma

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24
Q

Latinos

A

only ok with discussing mental health with culturally accepted label (‘nervios’)

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25
Q

goals of psychology

A

describe, explain, predict, and influence

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26
Q

the scientific method

A
  1. research question
  2. hypothesis
    3.test hypothesis by gathering data
  3. draw conclusions
  4. replication
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27
Q

two-eyed seeing

A
  • bring strengths of both perspectives together
  • teach medical students other scientific perspectives
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28
Q

What is a big problem in psychology

A

psychological states are subjective because they cannot be measured (ex: love)

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29
Q

operationalization

A

translate hypothesis into specific, testable, and measurable procedures

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30
Q

Correlation

A

relationship between two variables

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31
Q

positive correlation

A

one variable goes up, as other goes up too

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32
Q

negative correlation

A

one variable goes up, as other variable goes down

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33
Q

what a correlation could mean

A
  • maybe
  • other way around
    -possible third factor
    -coincidence
    CORRELATION DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN CAUSATION
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34
Q

independent variable

A

cause + what is manipulated

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35
Q

dependent variable

A

effect + what is measured

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36
Q

biological model

A

medical perspective + focuses on abnormality caused by malfunction in the brain

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37
Q

cell body

A

keeps neuron alive

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38
Q

dendrites

A

pick up signals from other neurons

39
Q

axon

A

how neuron transmits messages to other neurons

40
Q

action potential

A

sends information down axon and follows all or nothing principle

41
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron

42
Q

what does the axon terminal contain

A

synaptic vesicles loaded with neurotransmitters and receptors

43
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from axon to transmit impulses from on neuron to the next

44
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter

A

encourage connecting neurons to fire

45
Q

example of excitatory nts

A

glutamate

46
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease the chance that neighboring neurons will fire

47
Q

example of inhibitory nts

A

GABA and serotonin

48
Q

biological treatments

A

drug tx + electroconvulsive tx (ECT)

49
Q

advantages + disadvantages of biological treatment

A

+ useful to many people
- many people do not like that it only considers chemical imbalance
- possible side effects

50
Q

brain stem

A

takes care of essential automatic functions like breathing, sleeping, and body coordination

51
Q

three divisions of the brain

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
52
Q

what does hindbrain contain

A
  • pons, medulla, cerebellum
53
Q

what does hindbrain do

A

regulates automatic activities like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion

54
Q

cerebellum

A

controls motor coordination

55
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates movement with sensory input

56
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

contributes to the processes of arousal and tension (awake/asleep)

57
Q

what does the thalamus and hypothalamus do

A

regulate behaviour and emotion

58
Q

what does limbic system contain

A

hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, and amygdala

59
Q

what does limbic system do

A

regulates emotional experiences and expressions + ability to learn, control impulses

60
Q

the basal ganglia

A

control motor activity

61
Q

left hemisphere

A

responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes

62
Q

right hemisphere

A

responsible for perceiving environment + creating images

63
Q

temporal lobe

A

helps us recognize sights, sounds, with long-term memory storage

64
Q

parietal lobe

A

responsible for sensations of touch

65
Q

occipital lobe

A

understanding visual inputs

66
Q

psychoanalytic model

A

looks at unconscious conflicts

67
Q

3 levels of awareness

A
  • conscious: ego (mediates between id and superego)
  • preconscious: superego (moral conscience)
  • unconscious: id (basic impulses)
68
Q

ego defense mechanisms

A

rationalization. denial, repression, projection, reaction formation, displacement and sublimation

69
Q

rationalization

A

unconscious attempt to avoid addressing underlying reason for behavior

70
Q

denial

A

when faces w/ uncomfortable fact, a person will reject it even with a lot of evidence

71
Q

repression

A

avoiding distressing memories, thoughts , or feelings from entering conscious mind

72
Q

projection

A

unacceptable, negative feelings within an individual are placed onto someone else

73
Q

reaction formation

A

when people express the opposite of what they are feeling

74
Q

displacement

A

transferring negative feelings from one thing to another

75
Q

sublimation

A

channeling unacceptable urges into a productive outlet

76
Q

what is the Oedipus Complex that occurs in boys

A
  • during phallic stage (3-6 yrs old)
  • a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex
  • when identifies with dad > problem solved
77
Q

What is the Electra Complex that happens to girls

A
  • phallic stage (3-6)
    -subconsciously sexually attached to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother
78
Q

psychoanalytic techniques

A

free association, therapist interpretation of resistance, of resistance, and of dreams

79
Q

advantages + disadvantages of psychoanalytic model

A

+ people recognize therapy can help
- not testable bc unconscious cannot be measured

80
Q

humanistic model

A

belief that people are innately good with the goal of self-actualization

81
Q

advantage + disadvantage of humanistic model

A

+ focus on health and empathy
- not enough research support

82
Q

unconditional positive self-regard

A

getting unconditional positive regard from parents (love)

83
Q

what happens if someone does not receive enough love from parents

A

develop conditions of worth: conditional positive self-regard

84
Q
A
85
Q

person-centered therapy video

A

therapist gives unconditional positive regard

86
Q

what is behavioural model

A

idea that everything is learned through classical or operant conditioning

87
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning where a NS is paired with UCS (ex: food/bell)

88
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviour controlled by consequences that follow it (uses rewards and punishments)

89
Q

observational learning

A

observer uses a model to learn a behavior

90
Q

Cognitive Model

A

trying to discover assumptions + interpretations that influence the way a person acts and feels

91
Q

discussing the person’s family, living arrangements, and work relationships

A

sociocultural

92
Q

+ and - of cognitive model

A

+ research based
- based on one thing
- not looking at past for causes

93
Q
A

Psychology (5 decks)

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