Ch 08: Memory

Question 1

acronym

Answer 1

an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word

Question 2

amnesia

Answer 2

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Question 3

anterograde amnesia

Answer 3

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

Question 4

retrograde amnesia

Answer 4

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

Question 5

arousal theory

Answer 5

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Question 6

bias

Answer 6

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

Question 7

chunking

Answer 7

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Question 8

declarative memory; explicit memory

Answer 8

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience; episodic and semantic memory

Question 9

non declarative memory; implicit memory

Answer 9

memories that are not part of our consciousness; memories formed from behaviors

Question 10

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 10

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Question 11

encoding

Answer 11

input of information into the memory system; semantic, visual, and acoustic

Question 12

semantic encoding

Answer 12

input of words and their meaning

Question 13

visual encoding

Answer 13

input of images

Question 14

acoustic encoding

Answer 14

input of sounds, words, and music

Question 15

engram

Answer 15

physical trace of memory

Question 16

episodic memory

Answer 16

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

Question 17

false memory syndrome

Answer 17

recall of false autobiographical memories

Question 18

flashbulb memory

Answer 18

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Question 19

long-term memory

Answer 19

continuous storage of information

Question 20

memory consolidation

Answer 20

active rehearsal to move information from short-term memory into long-term memory

Question 21

misinformation effect

Answer 21

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

Question 22

mnemonic device

Answer 22

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

Question 23

proactive interference

Answer 23

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

Question 24

procedural memory

Answer 24

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

Question 25

recall

Answer 25

accessing information without cues

Question 26

recognition

Answer 26

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

Question 27

reconstruction

Answer 27

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

Question 28

rehearsal

Answer 28

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

Question 29

retrieval

Answer 29

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Question 30

retroactive interference

Answer 30

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Question 31

semantic memory

Answer 31

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Question 32

seven sins of memory

Answer 32

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

Question 33

short-term memory; working memory

Answer 33

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

Question 34

storage

Answer 34

creation of a permanent record of information

Question 35

suggestibility

Answer 35

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Question 36

transience

Answer 36

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

Question 37

absentmindedness

Answer 37

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Question 38

blocking

Answer 38

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

Question 39

misattribution

Answer 39

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Question 40

persistence

Answer 40

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

Question 41

levels of processing

Answer 41

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory