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Psych 101 > Ch 06: Learning > Flashcards

Ch 06: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

acquisition

A

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

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2
Q

associative learning

A

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

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4
Q

cognitive map

A

mental picture of the layout of the environment

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5
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

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8
Q

extinction

A

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

A

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

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10
Q

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

A

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

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11
Q

habituation

A

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

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12
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

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13
Q

instinct

A

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

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14
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

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15
Q

law of effect

A

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

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16
Q

learning

A

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

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17
Q

model

A

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

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18
Q

negative punishment

A

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

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19
Q

negative reinforcement

A

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

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20
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

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21
Q

observational learning

A

type of learning that occurs by watching others

22
Q

operant conditioning

A

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

23
Q

partial reinforcement

A

rewarding behavior only some of the time

24
Q

positive punishment

A

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

25
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

26
Q

primary reinforcer

A

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

27
Q

punishment

A

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

28
Q

reflex

A

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

29
Q

reinforcement

A

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

30
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

31
Q

shaping

A

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

32
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

33
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

34
Q

stimulus generalization

A

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

35
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

36
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

37
Q

variable interval reinforcement schedule

A

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

38
Q

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

39
Q

vicarious punishment

A

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

40
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

41
Q

bandura

A

the guy that experimented with observational learning; 4 phases

42
Q

behavior modification

A

uses the principles of operant conditioning to accomplish behavior change so that undesirable behaviors are switched to more socially acceptable ones

43
Q

bobo doll experiment

A

children watching adults beat up a bobo doll; if they got punished then the children would treat the bobo doll differently; if the adult wasn’t punished then the child would also beat up the bobo doll

44
Q

conditioned emotional response

A

any negative emotional response, typically fear or anxiety, that becomes associated with a neutral stimulus as a result of classical conditioning

45
Q

learned helplessness (ch 14)

A

pretty self-explanatory
the sad dog story

46
Q

little albert

A

the experiment with the kid that ended up with him having a phobia for furry things because Watson conditioned him

47
Q

pavlov

A

the classical conditioning guy

48
Q

skinner

A

operant conditioning guy

49
Q

taste aversion

A

eating something bad one time and never eating it again

50
Q

watson

A

believed human emotions could be conditioned; little albert experiment

51
Q

4 phases of observational learning

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

52
Q

social learning theory

A

suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Psych 101 (13 decks)

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