Ch 01: Intro to Psychology Flashcards
behaviorism
focus on observing and controlling behavior
biological psychology
study of how biology influences behavior
Calkins
first woman to head the APA
Clark
known for the doll study
cognitive psychology
study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions
critical thinking
involves maintaining an attitude of skepticism, recognizing internal biases, making use of logical thinking, asking appropriate questions, and making observations
developmental psychology
scientific study of development across a lifespan
dissertation
long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate’s doctoral training
empirical method
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
evolutionary psychology
behavior has adaptive or survival value
feminist psychology
re-evaluating and discovering the contributions of women to the history of psychology, studying psychological gender differences, and questioning the male bias present across the practice of the scientific approach to knowledge
five factor model
five dimensions including conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion that help explain a person’s personality
forensic psychology
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
goals of psychology
description - what is happening explanation - why is it happening? - theory
prediction - what will happen in the future?
control - how can it be changed?
health psychology
focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
humanism
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
hypothesis
tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
industrial-organizational psychology
a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings
William James
the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate
Abraham Maslow
an american psychologist best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
Stanley Miligram
an american social psychologist who is most famous for research that he conducted on obedience
multicultural psychology
culture has important impacts on individuals and social psychology
Jean Piaget
famous for his theories regarding changes in cognitive ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood
PhD
(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
PsyD
(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
personality psychology
consistent pattern of thought and behavior
psyche
greek word for soul
psychiatrist
“medical approach”
can prescribe medication
Carl Rogers
an american psychologist who emphasized the potential for good that exists within all people
client-centered therapy
involves the patient taking a lead role in therapy session
B. F. Skinner
an american behavioral psychologist that concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences
Skinner box
a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment
reinforcement and punishment
affects behavior
social psychology
focuses on how we interact with and relate to others
structuralism
understanding the conscious experience through introspection
introspection
process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts
Francis Sumner
first African American to obtain a PhD
focused on racial bias
Margaret Washburn
first woman to obtain a PhD in psychology
John B. Watson
an american psychologist who focused directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control
Wilhelm Wundt
known as the father of psychology
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Sigmund Freud
an Austrian psychologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis
psychoanalytic theory
focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences
