Cerebrum Flashcards
True or False the cerebral cortex is composed of white matter
False, it is composed of grey matter
Name the folds and grooves of the cerebrum
Fold=gyrus
Shallow Groove=sulcus
Deeper Groove= fissure
What fissure separates the R and L hemispheres of the cerebrum
The longitudinal fissure
How are gyri and fissures formed
They are formed during embryonic development, when grey matter enlarges faster than the deeper white mater.
Describe the corpus callosum
largest fiber bundle in the brain that connects the R and L hemispheres of the cerebrum
-important commissural tract
Name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
What 2 lobes does the central sulcus seperate
frontal from parietal
What 2 lobes does the lateral sulcus separate
frontal from temporal
What 2 lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate
parietal from occipital
What are association tracts
tracts that conduct impulses in the same cerebral hemisphere
What are commissural tracts
tracts that conduct impulses in one cerebral hemisphere to another cerebral hemisphere
What are projection tracts
tracts that conduct impulses from the cerebrum to the lower parts of the CNS
What is the function of the basal ganglia
- the help regulate the initiation and termination of movements and controlling muscle tone
- it is also thought to play a role in action selection (which behavior should you execute at a given time)
What is the basal ganglia also known as
Corpus stratium
What are the 3 deep nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
- Globus pallidus
- Putamen
- Caudate nucleus
Damage to the basal nucleus is associated with?
Parkinson’s dz
may also play a part in ADHD and OCD
Where are the emotional or affective (feelings) of the brain located
The limbic system
aka the emotional brain
Where are the cerebral structures of the limbic system located
they encircle the upper part of the brain stem
What are the main components of the Limbic system
- Fornix
- Limbic Lobe
- Olfactory bulbs
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Dentate gyrus
- Antererior and Medial nuclei of the thalmus
- Mammillary bodies of hypothalmus
What is the function of the Hippocampus
converts new information into long term memories
What is the function of the Amygdala
it is involved in behavioral patterns such as docile rage, presence or absences of fear and aggression
What is the role of the olfactory bulbs
they synapse with the olfactory receptors and the mammillary bodies to convey smell
What is the function of the mammillary bodies
they act as olfactory relay stations
Where is the cingulate gyrus located
immediately superior to the corpus collosum
What is the function of the cingulate gyrus
Integral part of limbic system that is involved in emotion formation and processing, learning and memory
- coordinates sensory input into emotion
- regulates aggressive behavior and pain
Describe the structure of the Fornix and its function
Band of nerve fibers from the hippocampus to the mammillary body of the hypothalamus that archs over the thalamus
-carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
What is damage to the hippocampus associated with
Anterograde amnesia ie the loss of ability to form new memories
What is the function of the cerebral cortex
Seat of consciousness enables us to communicate, perceive, appreciate, remember and initiate voluntary movement
What is localization
hemispheres of the cerebrum are symmetrical in structure but not in fxn
True or False a functional area of the cortex acts alone
False, the whole cortex in some way is involved conscious behavior
What does the R hemisphere of the cerebrum have greater control over
visual spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and appreciation of art and music
What does the L hemisphere of the cerebrum have greater control over
Logic, mathematics, language
What are the 2 areas associated w/ speech
Brocas area and Wernicke’s area
What part of speech is Brocas area associated w/ and what kind of aphasia occurs when this area is damaged
- Planning and production of speech
- Damage=non fluent aphasia, WORD REACHING, they know what they want to say but cannot speak
What part of speech is Wernicke’s area associated w/ and what kind of aphasia occurs when this area is damaged
- Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words
- Damage=fluent aphasia, CAN NOT RECOGNIZE WORDS (WORD SALAD, WORD DEAFNESS, WORD BLINDESS) may produce strings of perfectly good words that have no combined meaning
What are the brain abnormalities at autopsy associated w/ Alzheimer’s
- Loss of neurons
- Destruction of nucleus basalis (basal nucleus)
- Beta-amyloid plaques= abnormal proteins outside neurons
- Neurofibrillary tangles=bundles of protein filaments inside neurons
Describe the general progression of Alzheimers disease
- Initially unable to remember recent events
- The pt then becomes confused and forgetful often repeating Q’s and gtting lost to familar places
- Disorientation grows and longer term memories disappear
- Basic activities of daily living disappear
- Death from complications
Define agnosia
inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sight, smells, taste and touch
Define apraxia
inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paraplegia
