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Neuroanatomy > Cerebral cortex II > Flashcards

Cerebral cortex II Flashcards

1
Q

If you want to hinder someone’s ability to process/speak language, which major area would be best to lesion?

A

Sylvian fissure

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2
Q

What’s the name of the structure that connects B’s and W’s areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

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3
Q

What are the basic sx of Broca’s aphasia?

A

Can comprehend speech but can’t get any words out.

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4
Q

What are the basic sx of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Can speak in regular words/sounds but they make no sense together and pts don’t understand anything.

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5
Q

What neuroscientist discovered the function of the reticular formation?

A

Magoun

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6
Q

In what part of the brain would you find the reticular formation?
(What afferents does it receive?)
(What efferents does it give off?)

A
  • Brainstem: it’s a coordination network for brainstem nuclei
    (- Premotor afferents come in)
    (- Output to nearby motor and sensory nuclei)
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7
Q

What’s the general function of the reticular formation?

A

*Allows convergence of somatosensory information and divergence of efferent outputs

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8
Q

What are the 3 main specific functions of the reticular formation that we talked about?

A
  1. Pattern generator (eye movements, swallowing, chewing, coughing sneezing, locomotor)
  2. Control center (resp, CV, peeing)
  3. Nociception
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9
Q

What zones of the reticular formation should we be aware of?

A
  • *Midline (raphe) RF
  • Paramedian RF
  • Lateral RF
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10
Q

What’s the general fcn of the midline (raphe) RF zone?

What NT is used here?

A
  • Part of the diffuse modulatory system

- Aminergic neurons (use monoamines- serotonin is monoamine that we learned for Raphe)

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11
Q

What’s the general fcn of the paramedian RF zone?

A

“Effector zone” w/different projections out (midbrain, pons, medulla)

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12
Q

What’s the general fcn of the lateral RF zone?

A

Sensory (*ascending sensory pw’s are off to the side, so makes sense)

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13
Q

Where does the RF get its afferents from (general answer)?

A

“Basically everything”

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14
Q

What are the general sites of efferent RF termination?

Is RF’s efferent info general or specific?

A
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal cord
    (general/gross motor info sent, not specific like moving pinky)
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15
Q

Give an e.g. of a type of things efferent info from the RF, going to the spinal cord, would effect.

A

General things like posture, locomotion

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16
Q

Where would you find “diffuse modulatory systems” (DMS)?

A

Around the borders of the RF

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17
Q

What does the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) do?

A
  • Plays a role in level of alertness, sleep/wake rhythms, alerting (startle) reaction
  • Plays a role in activating the entire cortex (along w/other playas)
  • It’s a DMS
18
Q

What are some e.g.’s of other areas that would help the ARAS wake up or put to sleep the cortex?

A
  • Cholinergic neurons (close to locus ceruleus)
  • Orexin, a neuropeptide from the tubomammillary body
  • Cholinergic neurons (from basal nucleus of Meynert)
19
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do to the DMS?

A
  • Influences alertness (as can visual, auditory and mental imagery)
  • Inhibits other sensory input to allow focusing of attention.
20
Q

What are some major regions of the DMS that we’ve gone over?

A
  • VTA
  • Raphe nuclei
  • Locus ceruleus
  • Magnus raphe nucleus (inferior)
21
Q

What are the major functions of the DMS (serotonergic and adrenergic systems)?

A
  • Sleep arousal mechs
  • Integrative behavioral and neuroendocrine functions
  • Modulate actions of other NTs
  • Brain growth and devo
  • Pain suppression
22
Q

What would happen if you lesioned the VTA, behaviorally?

A

More risky behavior like gambling and being a gigallo

23
Q

Where do the midbrain raphe nuclei project (just an e.g.)?

What NT is most important here?

A

Entire cortex!

- 5-HT

24
Q

What is the “level” of one’s consciousness dependent on, generally?

A

Diffuse modulation projections

25
Q

Where is orexin produced?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

26
Q

What systems maintain consciousness?

A

Diffuse modulating systems

27
Q

What NT is associated w/the midbrain RF regarding the maintenance of consciousness?

A

ACh

28
Q

What brain nucleus is associated w/sleep and where would you find it?

A 
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- Found above the optic chiasm as part of the hypothalamus
29
Q

How long does it normally take to enter sleep?

What if you pull an all-nighter?

A

60-90 min

- Minutes probably

30
Q

On EEG, what differences in amplitude, freq, and synchronization would you see b/w REM and nREM sleep?

A
  • nREM: large amp, slow freq, sync’d

- REM: small amp, fast freq, unsync’d

31
Q

What differences in m. tone and arousal would you see b/w REM and nREM sleep?

A
  • nREM: low m. tone, progressively higher arousal

- REM: Nearly abolished m. tone, high arousal level

32
Q

What differences in dream, autonomic activity (symp vs parasymp), and HR/RR regularity would you see b/w REM and nREM sleep?

A
  • nREM: vague dreams, ^ parasymp, regular pulse/resp

- REM: vivid dreams, ^ symp, irregular pulse/resp

33
Q

What area in the hypothalamus does the SCN interact w/to regulate sleep/wake cycles?

A

Preoptic area (SCN acts on it)

34
Q

What 3 areas does the preoptic area interact w/to regulate sleep/wake cycles?

A
  • SCN (gives POA input)
  • Wakefulness network (acted on by POA)
  • Medullary RF (bilateral)
35
Q

What areas does the medullary RF interact w/to regulate sleep/wake cycles?

A
  • Wakefulness network (acted on by mRF)

- Preoptic area (bilateral)

36
Q

What 3 areas does the wakefulness network send efferent signals after receiving input from the preoptic area and the medullary RF?

A
  • Cortex
  • Thalamus -> cortex
  • REM machinery (pons)
37
Q

What’s the main issue w/taking sleep meds?

A

Suppresses REM sleep

38
Q

What NT are people missing who have narcolepsy and cataplexy?

A

Orexin (has role in wakefulness)

39
Q

Define cataplexy.

A

Strong emotion/laughter leads to loss of motor tone while remaining conscious (you fall over)

40
Q

Describe the sleep pattern of a narcoleptic w/cataplexy.

How would you induce this state?

A

They go rapidly into REM and often act out their dreams

- Stay up for a long time

41
Q

If you were focussing on 1 task and didn’t even notice someone else talking to you, what part of your brain would be responsible for this focussing of attention?

A

Cerebral cortex, inhibiting that info from reaching the diffuse modulatory systems.

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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