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Neuroanatomy > Cerebral cortex I > Flashcards

Cerebral cortex I Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the Rolandic fissure?

A

Central sulcus

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2
Q

What’s another name for the Sylvian fissure?

A

Lateral sulcus

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3
Q

What brain area sits just superior to the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate gyrus

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4
Q

What is the very general function of the cortex?

A

Analyzes, plans, initiates responses

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5
Q

What part of the brain adjusts the cortex’s level of responsiveness?

A

Reticular system

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6
Q

Name the 3 types of cortex.

A
  • Neocortex
  • Archicortex
  • Paleocortex
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7
Q

How many layers is the neocortex?

A

6 (most of cortex)

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8
Q

(not as important) Where would you find the archicortex?

What about the paleocortex?

A
  • Hippocampus

- Telencephalic base, olfactory

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9
Q

About how many neurons are in the brain?

What % in cortex?

A
  • 86 billion

- 19%

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10
Q

What % of cells in the cortex are pyramidal vs. nonpyramidal

A

80% pyramidal, 20% nonpyramidal

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11
Q

Describe cortical pyramidal cells.

A
  • Contain a long apical dendrite and a basal dendrite
  • Axons will leave the cortex
  • Have dendritic spines
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12
Q

What NT is the main one associated w/pyramidal cells?

Nonpyramidal cells?

A
  • Glutamate (excitatory)

- GABA (inhibitory)

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13
Q

When are dendritic spines modified?

A

During learning/unlearning

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14
Q

Describe cortical nonpyramidal cells.

A
  • Various shapes
  • Axons don’t leave cortex
  • Like “interneurons” of the cortex
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15
Q

Name the 2 areas found throughout the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex that we should be aware of (and describe the typical cell size found in each layer).

A
  • Agranular area (large pyramidal cells)

- Granular area (small neurons)

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16
Q

What’s another name for the granular layer of the cortex?

A

Koniocortex

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17
Q

Afferent axons tend to come into (upper or lower?) cortical areas.

A

upper

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18
Q

Typically, would you find pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells in deeper or more superficial layers?

A
  • Pyramidal cells: deeper

- Nonpyramidal cells: superficial

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19
Q

How are cells of the cortex arrange/grouped together (structure)?

A

In columns

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20
Q

What’s the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Projects from cortical area to mirror image (+ other areas). Tends to hookup L and R hemispheres

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21
Q

The genu of the corpus callosum connects the ____________.

A

Frontal lobes

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22
Q

The anterior body of the corpus callosum connects the ____________.

A

Frontal lobes

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23
Q

The posterior body of the corpus callosum connects the ____________.

A

Parietal lobes

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24
Q

The splenium of the corpus callosum connects the ____________.

A

Occipital and temporal lobes

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25
Q

What’s the function of the anterior commissure?

A

Interconnects temporal lobes and components of the olfactory system

26
Q

What’s another name for association bundles?

A

Fasciculi

27
Q

What are fasciculi?

A
  • Corticocortical connections in the *same hemisphere
  • None are discrete point-to-point
  • Fibers travel in both directions, leaving and entering
    (can be dissected out)
28
Q

Define agnosia.

A

Inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things.

29
Q

Define aphasia.

A

An impairment of language, affecting the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write.

30
Q

Define alexia.

A

Inability to see words or read.

31
Q

Define agraphia.

A

Loss of ability to communicate through writing.

32
Q

Define acalculia.

A

Loss of ability to perform simple math calculations.

33
Q

What are neocortical areas?

A

Specialized cortical areas for specific functions (sensory, motor, association, limbic)
- Injury to area would give “specific” deficit

34
Q

Primary neocortical areas can be described as “direct links to the world.” Describe their main inputs/outputs.

A
  • Inputs: thalamic nuclei

- Outputs: brainstem and sc

35
Q

Describe primary neocortical area body maps.

A

Precise but distorted

36
Q

What primary neocortical area is Brodmann’s area #4?

In what part of the brain structure would you find it?

A

Primary motor area

- Precentral gyrus

37
Q

What primary neocortical area is Brodmann’s area #3,1,2?

In what part of the brain structure would you find it?

A

Primary somatosensory area

- Postcentral gyrus

38
Q

What primary neocortical area is Brodmann’s area #41?

In what part of the brain structure would you find it?

A

Primary auditory area

- Transverse temporal gyrus

39
Q

What primary neocortical area is Brodmann’s area #17?

In what part of the brain structure would you find it?

A

Primary visual area

- Calcarine fissure

40
Q

Describe what a unimodal association area is, compared to a neocortical area. Where are they spatially w/r/t neocortical areas?

A
  • More complex response functions
  • Same fcn but less precise
  • Adjacent to primary cortical areas
41
Q

Injury to a unimodal association area can cause _________.

A

Agnosia- inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things.
(E.g. see a comb but have no idea what it is until using other sensory modalities)

42
Q

Name the 2 unimodal association areas associated w/primary motor area.

A
  • Premotor area (larger groups of mm. in activity)

- supplementary motor area (postures and bilateral mm.)

43
Q

Describe what a multimodal association area is, compared to a neocortical area.

A
  • High level intellectual functions
  • Send *converging inputs
  • May respond to multiple stimuli
44
Q

Injury to a multimodal association area may cause ________ or ________.

A
  • Apraxia (motor; can’t perform certain physical tasks)

- Neglect (sensory; unaware of part of body)

45
Q

Name the 3 main multimodal association areas.

A
  1. Parietal-occipital-temporal region
  2. Prefrontal area
  3. Limbic area
46
Q

What are the basic functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Executive functions of the brain – Planning, insight, foresight and basic aspects of personality.

47
Q

Where does the P-O-T region receive input from?

A
  • Surrounding sensory areas

- Pulvinar nuc of thalamus

48
Q

Injury to the right inferior parietal lobule of the P-O-T region can cause _____________. (contralateral or ipislateral?)

A

contralateral neglect

49
Q

Injury to the left parietal area of the P-O-T region can cause __________.

A

an apraxia

50
Q

What are the functions of the dorsolateral PFC?

A

Working memory, attention, and logical aspects of problem solving

51
Q

What are the functions of the ventromedial PFC?

A

Extensive limbic connections; emotional aspects of planning and decisions

52
Q

What is the basic function of the limbic areas?

A

Emotional and “drive” related behaviors

53
Q

Name the gyri found in descending order, starting directly below the thalamus (while moving slightly posteriorly as well).

A
  1. Uncus
  2. Hippocampal gyrus
  3. Parahippocampal gyrus
  4. Fusiform gyrus
  5. Inferior temporal gyrus
54
Q

Explain where on the cortex you’d find the limbic area.

A
  • Ring all the way around the middle deep cortex (above the CC) that includes the cingulate gyrus
  • Anterior portion of temporal lobe
55
Q

Almost all cortical areas receive commissural fibers from the corpus callosum. What’s the main exception that we should be aware of, and what does it connect?

A
  • Anterior commissure, connecting the temporal lobes
56
Q

What type of injury typically leads to a disconnection syndrome?
What syndrome did we discuss in class?

A

White matter dmg at CC or ant. commissure

- Alexia w/o agraphia

57
Q

What is the major symptom of alexia w/o agraphia?

A
  • Can write but cannot read
58
Q

What type of CVA could lead to alexia w/o agraphia? Explain…

A
  • *L occipital CVA
    Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area can still communicate w/each other (R side of brain), but contralateral visual input from CC can’t cross to other side, so cannot really read, although can still write and understand speech.
59
Q

What would a man think about another man w/a wide face?

A

He must be competent as fuck

60
Q

What # layer of the cortex is typically input? What about typically output?

A

4, 5

61
Q

Define apraxia.

A

Inability to perform particular purposive action

Neuroanatomy (20 decks)

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