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👩🏻‍🔬 Neuroscience > cerebral cortex > Flashcards

cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q
  • forms a complete covering of the cerebral hemisphere
  • composed of gray matter and has been estimated to contain approximately 10 billion neurons
  • thickness varies from 1.5 to 4.5 mm
A

cerebral cortex

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2
Q

The cortex is thickest over the crest of a ___

A

gyrus

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3
Q

thinnest in the depth of a ___

A

sulcus

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4
Q

types of nerve cells are present in the cerebral cortex

A

(1) pyramidal cells
(2) stellate cells
(3) fusiform cells
(4) horizontal cells of Cajal
(5) cells of Martinotti

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5
Q

10 to 50 um long

A

pyramidal cells

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6
Q
  • giant pyramidal cells
  • 120 um
  • found in the motor precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
A

Betz cells

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7
Q
  • granule cells
  • polygonal in shape
  • 8 pm in diameter
  • have multiple branching dendrites and a relatively short axon
A

stellate cells

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8
Q

have their long axis vertical to the surface and are concentrated mainly in the deepest cortical layers

A

fusiform cells

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9
Q

small, fusiform, horizontally oriented cells found in the most superficial layers of the cortex

A

horizontal cells of cajal

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10
Q

small, multipolar cells that are present throughout the levels of the cortex

A

cells of martinotti

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11
Q
  • run at right angles to the cortical surface
  • include the afferent entering projection, association, and commissural fibers
A

radial fibers

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12
Q
  • run parallel to the cortical surface and are collateral and terminal branches of afferent fibers
  • mostly concenrated in layers 4 and 5
A

tangenital fibers

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13
Q

well developed in the sensory areas due to the high concentration of the terminal parts of the thalamocortical fibers

A

bands of baillarger

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14
Q

In the visual cortex, the outer band of Baillarger, which is so thick that it can be seen with the naked eye, is known as the ___

A

stria of Gennari

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15
Q

Because of this obvious band, or stria, the visual cortex in the walls of the calcarine sulcus is sometimes called the ___

A

striate cortex

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16
Q
  • plexiform layer
  • most superficial layer
  • consists mainly of a dense network of tangentially oriented nerve fibers
A

molecular layer

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17
Q
  • contains large numbers of small pyramidal cells and stellate cells
A

external granular layer

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18
Q

composed of pyramidal cells, whose cell body size increases from the superficial to the deeper borders of the layer

A

external pyramidal layer

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19
Q

composed of closely packed stellate cells with a high concentration of horizontally arranged fibers known collectively as the external band of Baillarger

A

internal granular layer

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20
Q
  • Ganglionic layer
  • contains very large and medium-size pyramidal cells
A

internal pyramidal layer

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21
Q

a large number of horizontally arranged fibers form the ___

A

inner band of Baillarger

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22
Q
  • layer of polymorphic cells
  • modified pyramidal cells, whose cell bodies are triangular or ovoid
A

multiform layer

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23
Q

areas of the cortex in which the basic six layers cannot be recognized are referred to as ___

A

heterotypical

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24
Q

possess six layers

A

homotypical

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25
Q
  • contain densely packed stellate cells
  • these cells receive thalamocortical fibers
  • found in the postcentral gyrus, in the superior temporal gyrus, and in parts of the hippocampal gyrus
A

granular type

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26
Q
  • granular layers are poorly developed
  • layers 2 and 4 are practically absent
  • found in the precentral gyrus and other areas in the frontal lobe
A

agranular type

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27
Q
  • situated in the precentral gyrus and includes the anterior wall of the central sulcus and the posterior parts of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri
  • almost complete absence of the granular layers and the prominence of the pyramidal nerve cells
A

precentral area

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28
Q
  • The posterior region, which is referred to as the motor area, primary motor area, or Brodmann ___, occupies the precentral gyrus into the paracentral lobule
A

area 4

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29
Q

The anterior region is known as the premotor area, secondary motor area, or Brodmann ___ and parts of ___. It occupies the anterior part of the precentral gyrus

A

area 6; areas 8, 44, and 45

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30
Q
  • if electrically stimulated, produces isolated movements on the opposite side of the body as well as contraction of muscle groups concerned with the performance of a specific movement.
  • muscles of the upper part of the face, the tongue, and the mandible, and the larynx and the pharynx do occur.
A

primary motor area

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31
Q

Ventral posterior lateral and ventral posterior medial nuclei of thalamus

A

somatosensory

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32
Q

Lateral geniculate body

A

vision

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33
Q

Medial geniculate body

A

auditory

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34
Q

Nucleus solitarius

A

taste

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35
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

smell

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36
Q

Thalamus from cerebellum, basal ganglia; somatosensory area; premotor area

A

fine movements

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37
Q

Primary somesthetic area (B3, 1, and 2), posterior central gyrus

A

somatosensory

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38
Q

Primary visual area (B17)

A

vision

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39
Q

Primary auditory area (B41 and 42)

A

auditory

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40
Q

Posterior central gyrus (B43)

A

taste

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41
Q

Primary olfactory area; periamygdaloid and prepiriform areas

A

smell

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42
Q

Primary motor area (B4)

A

fine movements

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43
Q

Secondary somesthetic area; primary motor area

A

somatosensory

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44
Q

Secondary visual area (B18 and 19)

A

vision

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45
Q

Secondary auditory area (B22)

A

auditory

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46
Q

Secondary olfactory area (B28)

A

smell

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47
Q

Motor nuclei of brainstem and anterior horn cells of spinal cord; corpus striatum

A

fine movements

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48
Q
  • the function of the ___ is to carry out the individual movements of different parts of the body
  • receives numerous afferent fibers from the premotor area, the sensory cortex, the thalamus, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia
A

primary motor area

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49
Q
  • store programs of motor activity assembled as the result of past experience
  • programs the activity of the primary motor area
  • involved in controlling coarse postural movements through its connections with the basal ganglia
A

premotor area

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50
Q
  • situated in the medial frontal gyrus to paracentral lobule
  • movements of the contralateral limbs, but a stronger stimulus is necessary than when the primary motor area is stimulated
  • Removal produces no permanent loss of movement
A

supplementary motor area

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51
Q
  • frontal eye field
  • precentral gyrus into the middle frontal gyrus
  • Electrical stimulation of this region causes conjugate movements of the eyes, especially toward the opposite side
  • control voluntary scanning movements of the eye and is independent of visual stimuli
A

areas 6, 8, and 9

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52
Q
  • motor speech area of Broca
  • inferior frontal gyrus and posterior rami of the lateral fissure
  • formation of words by its connections with the adjacent primary motor areas
A

areas 44 and 45

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53
Q

this area is important on the left or dominant hemisphere, and ablation will result in paralysis of speech. In those individuals in whom the right hemisphere is dominant, the area on the right side is of importance. The ablation of this region in the nondominant hemisphere has no effect on speech

A

areas 44 and 45

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54
Q
  • precentral area
  • concerned with the makeup of the individual’s personality
  • plays a role as a regulator of the person’s depth of feeling. It also exerts its influence in determining the initiative and judgment of an individual
A

prefrontal cortex

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55
Q
  • primary somesthetic area
  • postcentral gyrus and posterior part of the paracentral lobule
A

areas 3, 1, and 2

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56
Q

granular in type, and contains only scattered pyramidal cells

A

area 3

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57
Q

broad and very obvious

A

outer layer of baillarger

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58
Q

posterior part of the postcentral gyrus possesses fewer granular cells

A

areas 1 and 2

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59
Q
  • superior lip of the posterior limb of the lateral fissure
  • functional significance of this area is not understood
A

secondary somesthetic area

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60
Q
  • somesthetic association area
  • parietal lobule extending onto the medial surface of the hemisphere
  • this area has many connections with other sensory areas of the cortex, and its main function is probably to receive and integrate different sensory modalities
  • enables one to recognize objects placed in the hand with- out the help of vision
A

areas 5 and 7

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61
Q
  • primary visual area
  • calcarine sulcus
A

area 17

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62
Q

central area of the retina and the area for most perfect vision

A

macula lutea

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63
Q
  • secondary visual area
  • primary visual area on the medial and lateral surfaces of the hemisphere
  • relate the visual information received by the primary visual area to past visual experiences, thus enabling the individual to recognize and appreciate what he or she is seeing
A

areas 18 and 19

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64
Q

function of this eye field is believed to be reflex and associated with movements of the eye when it is following an object

A

occipital eye field

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65
Q
  • primary auditory area
  • situated in the inferior wall of the lateral sulcus
A

areas 41 and 42

66
Q

granular type of cortex

A

area 41

67
Q

homotypical and is mainly an auditory association area

A

area 42

68
Q

Projection fibers to the auditory area arise principally in the medial geniculate body and form the ___

A

auditory radiation of the internal capsule

69
Q

of the primary auditory area is concerned with the reception of sounds of low frequency

A

anterior part

70
Q

concerned with the sounds of high frequency

A

posterior part

71
Q
  • secondary auditory area
  • superior temporal gyrus
  • interpretation of sounds and for the association of the auditory input with other sensory information
A

area 22

72
Q
  • sensory speech area of ___ is localized in superior temporal gyrus
A

Wernicke

73
Q
  • Wernicke area is connected to the Broca area by a bundle of nerve fibers called the ___
  • receives fibers from the visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus
A

arcuate fasciculus

74
Q
  • permits understanding of written and spoken language and enables a person to read a sentence, understand it, and say it out loud
  • represents the site on the cerebral cortex where somatic, visual, and auditory association areas all come together
  • area of very great importance
A

wernickle area

75
Q
  • taste area
A

area 43

76
Q

concerned with appreciation of the positions and movements of the head in space

A

vestibular area

77
Q
  • area of the cortex that is buried within the lateral sulcus and forms its floor
  • important for planning or coordinating the articulatory movements necessary for speech
A

insula

78
Q

Handedness, perception of language, and speech are functional areas of behavior that are controlled by the

A

dominant hemisphere

79
Q

spatial perception, recognition of faces, and music are interpreted by

A

nondominant hemisphere

80
Q

forms a complete covering of the cerebral hemisphere

A

cerebral cortex

81
Q

found in the cortex and have axons that either terminates in the deeper cortical layers

A

pyramidal and fusiform cells

82
Q

terminate on dendrites or axons of cells found within other layers of the cortex

A

Stellate, horizontal, and cells of Martinotti

83
Q

From superficial to deep, the six cortical layers are

A

molecular
external granular
external pyramidal
internal granular
internal pyramidal
multiform layers.

84
Q

divided into posterior and anterior regions

A

precentral area

85
Q

occupying the precentral gyrus, is referred to as the primary motor area because activation of the cells in this region results in isolated movements of muscles on the contralateral side of the body

A

posterior region

86
Q

the movement areas in the ___ are organized with the lower limb structures represented on the medial aspect of the gyrus and ascending to trunk, upper limb, and face, laterally on the gyrus

A

motor cortex

87
Q

both associated with the middle frontal gyrus. The latter is associated with conjugate movements of the eyes

A

supplementary motor area and frontal eye field

88
Q

responsible for speech production and is located in the inferior frontal gyrus; paralysis of this area results in speech paralysis

A

broca area

89
Q

occupies the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. Sensations for parts of the body are organized in a somatotopic map beginning with feet on the medial most aspect of the gyrus and the head on the most lateral aspect of the gyrus

A

primary somesthetic area

90
Q
  • found within the cortex of the calcarine sulcus
  • receives afferent information from the lateral geniculate body, which received information from the retina
A

primary visual area

91
Q
  • includes the gyrus of Heschl and is situated in the inferior wall of the lateral sulcus
A

primary auditory area

92
Q
  • localized in the left dominate hemisphere, in the superior temporal gyrus
  • permits the understanding of written and spoken language
A

area of Wernicke

93
Q

From a functional point of view, the ___ is organized into vertical units of activity

A

cerebral cortex

94
Q

responsible for skilled movements on the opposite side of the body

A

primary motor area

95
Q

In most individuals, this area is important on the left or dominant hemisphere

A

motor speech area of Broca

96
Q

The opposite half of the body is represented inverted

A

primary somesthetic area

97
Q

The superior retinal quadrants pass to the inferior portion of the

A

visual cortex

98
Q

situated in the inferior wall of the lateral sulcus

A

primary auditory area

99
Q

concerned with the makeup of the individual’s personality

A

prefrontal area

100
Q

More than 90% of the adult population is right- handed and, therefore, is ___ dominant

A

left-hemisphere

101
Q

acquisition of new information

A

learning

102
Q

process by which information is retrieved or stored

A

memory

103
Q

reflects a process by which information is lost

A

forgetting

104
Q

recalling an event a few seconds after it occurs

A

immediate memory

105
Q

retention of an event for several minutes after it has occurred

A

short-term memory

106
Q

form of short-term memory and requires recall of a sequence of events for a few minutes to complete a task

A

working memory

107
Q
  • events that are remembered weeks, months, or years after they have occurred
  • involves a change in synaptic organization or an increase in the efficiency of the synapse
A

long-term memory

108
Q
  • represents the memory for such facts as an address, directions to get to a specific place, or a string of numbers, such as a telephone number or a personal bank card personal identification number
  • individual is conscious of the information that is remembered
A

declarative memory

109
Q
  • individual may not be consciously aware of the procedures involved in carrying out a task
A

procedural memory

110
Q

Difficulty in retrieving old memories

A

retrograde amnesia

111
Q

Difficulty in generating new memories

A

anterograde amnesia

112
Q

Contralateral Paralysis – including facial palsy
Early- Muscle Flaccidity
Late- spasticity

A

area 4

113
Q

Muscle Spasticity

A

Area 6
Also contains parts of areas 8, 44, 45

114
Q

Ipsilateral tonic deviation of the eyes

A

Area 8

115
Q

Loss of initiative (reduced spontaneous movements) and judgment
Emotional changes: tendency to euphoria
Poor executive functions, planning, problem solving, disinhibition
(+) Abulia
Poor speech output

A

area 9,10,11,12

116
Q

Expressive aphasia/ Non-fluent Aphasia

A

area 44 and 45

117
Q

contralateral sensory disturbance
Inability to judge degrees of warmth
Inability to localize tactile stimuli accurately
Deficits in sense of touch, vibration, joint position, stimulus localization

A

Area 3, 1, 2

118
Q

(+) Astereognosis
Cortical Sensory Deficits: Two point discrimination, agraphesthesia

A

area 5 and 6

119
Q

Angular Gyrus Syndrome:
Anomia, aLexia, Constructional difficulties, Acalculia, Dysgraphia, Finger anomia, right left disorientation
GERSTMANNS SYNDROME

A

area 39

120
Q

Apraxia

A

area 40

121
Q

Loss of sense of taste

A

area 43

122
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A

area 17

123
Q

upper and lower visual quadrantanopia

A

area 17 and 18

124
Q

loss of ability to interpret patterns of sounds

A

areas 41 to 42

125
Q

Processing of visual stimuli

A

area 17

126
Q

to relate the visual information received by the primary visual area to past visual experiences

A

area 18 and 19

127
Q

Processing of auditory stimuli

A

area 41 and 42

128
Q

Language comprehension

A

area 22

129
Q

Familiar face recognition

A

area 37

130
Q
  • area 44 & 45
  • lesion: expressive aphasia
  • common etiology: infarct of superior division of the left MCA
A

broca’s area

131
Q

lesion: conduction aphasia

A

arcuate fasciculus

132
Q
  • area 22
  • lesion: receptive aphasia
  • common etiology: infarct of the inferior division of the left MCA
A

wernicke’s area

133
Q

Language Logic
Planning and Rational Symbolic thought
Analytical thought
Detail oriented perception
Cautious
Wernickes area
Broca’s area
Recognition of words, letters and numbers
Right Field vision Right side motor skills

A

left hemisphere

134
Q

Intuitive thought Emotional thought Random sequencing Creative writing/Art Imagination Impulse
understanding of connotations in verbal speeches, perception of voice intonation
Identification of other’s emotions and mood
Left Field vision
Left side motor skills

A

right hemisphere

135
Q

The largest giant pyramidal cells are found in the

A

precentral gyrus

136
Q

In the visual cortex, the ___ is so thick that it can be seen with the naked eye

A

outer band of Baillarger

137
Q

most superficial layer of the cerebral cortex and is composed mainly of a dense network of tangentially oriented nerve fibers

A

molecular layer

138
Q

known as the primary motor area

A

posterior region

139
Q

store programs of motor activity, which are conveyed to the primary motor area for the execution of movements

A

premotor area

140
Q

The area of cerebral cortex controlling a particular movement is ___ to the skill of the movement

A

proportional

141
Q

brings about the formation of words by its connections with the primary motor area

A

broca speech area

142
Q

connected to the sensory speech area of Wernicke

A

broca speech area

143
Q

is in the inferior frontal gyrus between the anterior and ascending rami and the ascending and posterior rami of the lateral fissure

A

speech area of broca

144
Q

represent the motor speech area

A

areas 44 & 45

145
Q

occupies the post- central gyrus

A

primary somesthetic area

146
Q

Histologically, the ___ contains large numbers of granular cells and few pyramidal cells.

A

primary somesthetic area

147
Q

extends onto the posterior part of the paracentral lobule

A

primary somesthetic area

148
Q

located in the walls of the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus

A

primary visual cortex

149
Q

receives afferent fibers from the lateral geniculate body.

A

visual cortex

150
Q

represented in the visual cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere

A

right half of the visual field

151
Q

secondary visual area ___ surrounds the primary visual area on the medial and lateral surfaces of the hemisphere

A

areas 18 and 19

152
Q

The main projection fibers to the primary auditory area arise from the ___

A

medial geniculate body

153
Q

The sensory speech area of ___ is localized in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere

A

Wernicke

154
Q

A ___ lesion of the auditory area produces partial deafness in both ears

A

unilateral

155
Q

primary auditory area is sometimes referred to as Brodmann areas ___

A

41 and 42

156
Q

form a large area of the cortical surface

A

association areas

157
Q

concerned with the interpretations of sensory experiences

A

association areas

158
Q

Appreciation of the body image is assembled in the ___

A

posterior parietal cortex

159
Q

he right side of the body is represented in the ___

A

left hemisphere

160
Q

The association areas have all six cellular layers and are referred to as ___

A

homotypical cortex

161
Q

of the adult population is left-hemisphere dominant for speech

A

96%

162
Q

interprets spatial perception, recognition of faces, and music

A

nondominant hemisphere

👩🏻‍🔬 Neuroscience (11 decks)

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