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👩🏻‍🔬 Neuroscience > basal ganglia > Flashcards

basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

The corpus striatum is situated lateral to the thalamus and is almost completely divided by a band of nerve fibers

A

internal capsule

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2
Q

Globus pallidus plus putamen

A

Lentiform nucleus

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3
Q

Caudate nucleus plus lentiform nucleus

A

Corpus striatum

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4
Q

Caudate nucleus plus putamen

A

Neostriatum (striatum)

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5
Q

Amygdaloid nucleus

A

Amygdaloid body

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6
Q

large C-shaped mass of gray matter

A

caudate nucleus

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7
Q

large and rounded and forms the lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

A

head of the caudate nucleus

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8
Q
  • long and narrow and is continuous with the head in the region of the interventricular foramen
  • forms part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle
A

body of the caudate nucleus

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9
Q
  • long and slender and is continuous with the body in the region of the posterior end of the thalamus
  • follows the contour of the lateral ventricle and continues forward in the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
  • terminates anteriorly in the amygdaloid nucleus
A

tail of the caudate nucleus

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10
Q

A vertical plate of white matter divides the nucleus into a larger, darker lateral portion

A

putamen

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11
Q

A vertical plate of white matter divides the nucleus into a inner lighter portion

A

globus pallidus

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12
Q

paleness of the globus pallidus is due to the presence of a high concentration of

A

myelinated nerve fibers

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13
Q

form the main sites for receiving input to the basal nuclei

A

caudate nucleus and the putamen

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14
Q

forms the major site from which the output leaves the basal nuclei

A

globus pallidus

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15
Q

Corpus Striatum Afferent Fibers

A
  • corticostriate
  • thalamostriate
  • nigrostriatal
  • brainstem striatal fibers.
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16
Q
  • All parts of the cerebral cortex send axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen
  • Each part of the cerebral cortex projects to a specific part of the caudate—putamen complex
  • Glutamate is the neurotransmitter
A

corticostriate fibers

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17
Q

of the thalamus send large numbers of axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen

A

thalamostriate fibers

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18
Q
  • send axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen and liberate dopamine at their terminals as the neurotransmitter.
A

nigrostriatal fibers

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19
Q
  • Ascending fibers from the brainstem end in the caudate nucleus and putamen and liberate serotonin at their terminals as the neurotransmitter
  • inhibitory in function
A

brainstem striatal fibers

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20
Q

Corpus Striatum Efferent Fibers

A

striatopallidal and striatonigral fibers.

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21
Q
  • pass from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the globus pallidus
  • y—aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter
A

striatopallidal fibers

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22
Q
  • pass from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the substantia nigra
  • use GABA or acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter, while others use substance P
A

striatonigral fibers

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23
Q
  • pass from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the globus pallidus
  • have GABA as their neurotransmitter
A

Globus Pallidus Afferent Fibers; Striatopallidal fibers

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24
Q

connected to the putamen

A

head of the caudate nucleus

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25
Q

connected to the caudate nucleus

A

amygdaloid nucleus

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26
Q

lies in the roof of the lateral ventricle.

A

tail of the caudate nucleus

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27
Q

terminates anteriorly in the amygdaloid nucleus

A

tail of caudate nucleus

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28
Q

All parts of the cerebral cortex send fibers to
the caudate nucleus and putamen

A

afferent corticostriate fibers to the corpus striatum

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29
Q

The neurons in the substantia nigra send axons
to the putamen

A

nigrostriatal fibers

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30
Q

Some of the striatopallidal fibers have GABA as
the neurotransmitter

A

efferent fibers of the corpus striatum

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31
Q

precede the activities of the motor cortex concerned with discrete movements of the hands and feet

A

globus pallidus

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32
Q

The caudate nucleus and the putamen form the

A

neostriatum

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33
Q

lies medial to the apex of the globus pallidus

A

internal capsule

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34
Q

basal nuclei are formed of ___

A

gray matter

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35
Q

lies lateral to the thalamus

A

corpus striatum

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36
Q

made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus

A

corpus striatum

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37
Q

divided into the head, body, and tail

A

caudate nucleus

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38
Q

forms part of the floor of the body of the lateral ventricle

A

body of the caudate nucleus

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39
Q

lies lateral to the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

A

head of the caudate nucleus

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40
Q

neurotransmitter at the nerve endings of the corticostriate fibers to the corpus striatum

A

glutamate

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41
Q

neurotransmitter at the nerve endings of the nigrostriatal fibers

A

Dopamine

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42
Q

inhibitory in function

A

nigrostriatal fibers

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43
Q

caused by a reduction in the release of dopamine within the corpus striatum

A

Parkinson disease

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44
Q

pass from the caudate nucleus to the substantia nigra

A

striatonigral fibers

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45
Q

influences movements of the entire body

A

globus pallidus

46
Q

when the discharge patterns of the basal ganglia become excessive

A

effect on motor systems is to produce abnormal slowing of movements

47
Q

result of which is the presence of abnormal, involuntary movements that occur during periods of rest
- form of disorder is called dyskinesia

A

reduced output

48
Q

caudate nucleus and putamen

A

neostriatum

49
Q

globus pallidus

A

paleostriatum

50
Q

two additional nuclei

A

subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

51
Q

The primary regions of the basal ganglia that serve as afferents (receiving areas) are

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

52
Q
  • The principal inputs from the primary motor, secondary motor, and primary somatosensory regions of cortex are directed to the
  • somatotopically organized
  • receive sensory and motor inputs that are associated with different parts of the body
53
Q
  • receives inputs from cortical association regions, frontal eye fields, and limbic regions of cortex
  • receive more varied and integrated cortical inputs, is likely involved with cognitive aspects of movement, eye movements, and emotional correlates of movement
A

caudate nucleus

54
Q

The neostriatum also receives an indirect source of cortical input. The source of this input is the ___ of the thalamus

A

centromedian nucleus

55
Q

This nucleus receives afferent fibers primarily from the motor cortex and projects its axons topographically to the putamen as ___

A

thalamostriate fibers

56
Q

involuntary movements during periods of rest

A

dyskinesia

57
Q

slowness of movement

A

bradykinesia

58
Q

lack of movement

59
Q
  • impaired initiation of movement, bradykinesia, and increased muscle tone
  • loss of dopamine inputs into the part of the striatum
A

hypokinetic disorders

60
Q
  • involuntary movements at rest
  • movements are typically rhythmic tremors at approximately 3 to 6 Hz
  • “pill-rolling” tremor involving the fingers, hands, and arm
A

parkinson disease

61
Q
  • tremor disappears when the patient begins a voluntary movement
  • reduced number of spontaneous movements
  • bradykinesia
A

Parkinson’s disease

62
Q
  • Postural adjustments are awkward
  • display slower than normal movements
  • loss of facial expression, monotonous speech, and marked increases in muscle tone to both the flexors and extensors of the same limb, producing rigidity
A

parkinson disease

63
Q

reduction in spontaneous facial expressions and eye blinking

64
Q
  • loss of the dopamine-containing neurons of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra
  • exhibit reduced amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin elsewhere in the brain
A

parkinson disease

65
Q

passes through the blood-brain barrier, and as a precursor of dopamine, it is converted to dopamine in the brain

A

L-3, 4-hydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)

66
Q

dopamine-decarboxylase inhibitor

67
Q

drug containing both L-DOPA and carbidopa

68
Q
  • toxic to dopamine neurons and that environmental toxins may play a role in the development of this disorder
  • induce Parkinson’s disease is that it provided investigators with an important experimental tool by which this disorder can be studied in a systematic manner
A

1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydro- pyridine (MPTP)

69
Q
  • embryonic tissue containing dopamine neurons are transplanted directly into the neostriatum
  • dopamine-containing cells then grow sprouts, synthesize, and release dopamine onto neostriatal neurons, where they serve to increase dopamine levels
A

transplantation

70
Q

wild, uncontrolled movements of the distal musculature, which appear as abrupt and jerky

71
Q

inherited autosomal dominant illness with the genetic defect located on the short arm of chromosome 4

A

huntington’s disease

72
Q
  • Violent involuntary ballistic movements of the limbs contralateral to the lesion characterize ___
  • proximal musculature is typically involved, but choreiform (irregular, jerky) movements of the distal musculature usually in the upper extremity may also be present
  • lesion has been found to be discrete and localized within the subthalamic nucleus
A

hemiballism

73
Q
  • variant of choreiform movement
  • slow, writhing movements of the extremities
74
Q
  • sustained muscle contractions of the limb, axial, or cranial voluntary muscles, resulting in abnormal postures and repetitive or twisting movements
75
Q

movements produce severe torsion of the neck or shoulder girdle, causing an appearance of a rhythmic shaking of the head, this form of dystonia is referred to as

A

torsion tremor

76
Q

damage to the neostriatum and, possibly, the cerebral cortex

A

athetosis and dystonia

77
Q
  • Involuntary movements of the tongue and face characterize
  • repetitive chewing movements, and the tongue irregularly moves in and out of the mouth
A

tardive dyskinesia

78
Q
  • block dopaminergic transmission
  • blockade results in dopamine D2 receptor hypersensitivity
A

haloperidol (Haldol)

79
Q
  • primary features of this disorder are motor and vocal tics
  • subsides in early adulthood or subside but reappear again at a later period and persist throughout life
  • dysfunctions of the caudate nucleus and its linkage with the prefrontal cortex
A

Tourette Syndrome

80
Q

brief, sudden involuntary movements of different parts of the body

A

motor tics

81
Q

sounds that are irritating in pitch, compulsive expression of obscenities, repetition of words, and repeating words of others

A

vocal tics

82
Q

compulsive expression of obscenities

A

coprolalia

83
Q

repetition of words

84
Q

blocks dopamine D2 receptors, has been shown to be an effective treatment for Tourette syndrome

A

Haloperidol

85
Q

A patient presents with violent involuntary ballistic movements that are jerky and irregular and mainly involve the upper extremity on one side of the body

The lesion was most likely located in the

A

Subthalamic nucleus

86
Q

A patient presents with violent involuntary ballistic movements that are jerky and irregular and mainly involve the upper extremity on one side of the body

The motor dysfunctions characteristic of this disorder can best be accounted for in terms of loss of:

A

Excitatory input to the medial (internal) pallidal segment

87
Q

A patient presents with reduced facial expression, spontaneous movements (slower than normal) that are revealed most clearly when walking, monotonous speech, an increase in muscle tone in the arms, and a rhythmic tremor (4 to 7 Hz) in the fingers, including a pill-rolling tremor

This disorder can be directly linked to loss of:

A

Dopaminergic inputs to the neostriatum

88
Q

A patient presents with reduced facial expression, spontaneous movements (slower than normal) that are revealed most clearly when walking, monotonous speech, an increase in muscle tone in the arms, and a rhythmic tremor (4 to 7 Hz) in the fingers, including a pill-rolling tremor

Which of the following pharmacological treatment strategies would be most appropriate for this patient?

A

L-3, 4-hydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) plus a dopa-
mine-decarboxylase inhibitor (Sinemet)

89
Q

A 55-year-old man was recently diagnosed with Hunting- ton’s disease. This disorder may best be understood in terms of the loss of which substance with which result?

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the neostriatum,
reduction of neostriatal inhibition on the lateral (external) pallidal segment

90
Q

Huntington’s chorea (hyperkinetic disorder; loss of GABA in neostriatum)

A

Neostriatum

91
Q

Disruption of indirect pathway

A

Globus pallidus (lateral segment)

92
Q

Disruption of output to thalamus and cerebral cortex

A

Globus pallidus (medial segment)

93
Q

Parkinson’s disease (hypokinetic disorder; loss of dopamine in neostriatum)

A

Substantia nigra

94
Q

Hemiballism

A

Subthalamic nucleus

95
Q

Disruption of feedback circuit from basal ganglia to cerebral cortex

A

Ventrolateral, ventral anterior, and centromedian nuclei of thalamus

96
Q
  • Group of subcortical nuclei
  • Primarily for motor control by providing a feedback mechanism to the cerebral cortex for the initiation and control of motor responses
A

basal ganglia

97
Q
  • habit hub
  • plays an important role in motor control
A

dorsal striatum

98
Q
  • reward hub
  • plays key roles in emotions & learning via connections with hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex
A

ventral striatum

99
Q
  • paleostriatum / dorsal pallidum
  • triangular shaped
A

globus pallidus

100
Q
  • acts to tonically inhibit the ventral lateral nucleus & ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus
  • restricts movement initiation & prevents unwanted movements
  • output nucleus; sends information to thalamus
A

globus pallidus internus (GPi)

101
Q
  • functions as central hub in the basal ganglia for processing motor & non-motor information
  • intrinsic nucleus; relay for information
A

globus pallidus externus (GPe)

102
Q
  • control conscious & proprioceptive movements
A

globus pallidus

103
Q

NEOSTRIATUM AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS
Primary neurotransmitter:

104
Q

NEOSTRIATUM AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS
Direct Pathway:

A

neostriatum -> medial (internal) pallidal segment -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex

105
Q

NEOSTRIATUM AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS
Indirect Pathway:

A

neostriatum -> lateral pallidal segment -> subthalamic nucleus -> medial pallidal segment -> cerebral cortex

106
Q

GLOBUS PALLIDUS AND SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
Pathway:

A

lateral segment of globus pallidus -> subthalamic -> medial segment of globus pallidus

107
Q

GLOBUS PALLIDUS AND SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
Neurotransmitter:

108
Q

NEOSTRIATUM AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Pathway:

A

pars reticula -> thalamus -> superior colliculus -> pars compacta

109
Q

NEOSTRIATUM AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Neurotransmitters:

110
Q

uncontrolled movements, unsteadiness, clumsiness, loss of balance, slurred speech, and trouble swallowing and eating

A

huntington’s disease

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