Cerebellum Flashcards
location of cerebellum
- posterior cranial fossa
- posterior to 4th ventricle, pons, medulla oblongata
3 lobes of cerebellum
anterior, middle, flocculonodular lobe
- seen on the superior surface
- separated from middle lobe
anterior lobe
V shaped fissure
primary fissure
- posterior lobe
- largest part
- between primary & uvulonodar fissure
middle lobe
posterior to uvulonodar fissure
flocculonodular lobe
functional division
spinocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
- receive major spinal cord inputs
- feed forward control
- control both muscle tone & execution of movements
spinocerebellum
- planning movements & motor learning
- largest
- sends outputs to thalamus & red nucleus
cerebrocerebellum
receives major inputs from vestibular system
vestibulocerebellum
cerebellar peduncles
superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncle
- paired structure of white matter
- connects to cerebellum to midbrain
superior cerebellar peduncle
conveys information from cerebrum & pons to cerebellum
middle cerebellar peduncle
- integrating propropceptive sensory input with motor vestibular functions
- balance & posture maintenance
inferior cerebellar peduncle
functions of cerebellum
- coordinator of precise movements
- maintain upright posture with respect to one’s position in space
- maintain tension or firmness of muscle
- balance & equilibrium
intracerebellar nuclei
fastigal
denate
interposed nucleus
lies near the middle in the vermis & close to the roof of 4th ventricle
fastigal nucleus
- largest cerebellar nuclei
- crumpled bag with opening facing medially
- interior is made with white matter made up of efferent fibers
denate nucleus
- compromise the emboliform & glubase nucleus
- deep cerebellar complex
interposed nucleus
structures of cerebellum
white and gray matter
- resembles trunk & branches of a tree
- section made through cerebellar parallel with median plane, divides the folia at right angles
arbor vitae
gray matter
molecular, purkinje, granular layer
- contains stellate & basket cells
- neuroglial cells are found between the structures
molecular layer
scattered among dentric aborizations & numerous thin axons that run parallel to the long axis of the folia
stellate & basket cells
- large golgi type 1 neurons
- flask shaped & arranged in single layer
- integrate large amount of information & learn by remodeling their dendrites
purkinje cell layer
- packed with small cells with densely staning nuclei & scanty cytoplasm
- claw-like endings & have synaptic contact with mossy fiber input
- neuroglial cells are found
granular layer
influences movements of the long axis of the body, neck, shoulders, thorax, abdomen, hips
cortex of the vermis
control muscle of distal parts of the limbs (hands & feet)
intermediate zone of cerebellar hemisphere
- planning of sequencial movements of the entire body
- involved with conscious assessment of movement errors
lateral zone
3 groups of fibers of white matter
intrinsic
afferent
efferent fibers
- do not leave the cerebellum but connect different regions of the organ
- interconnet folia of cerebellar cortex & vermis on the same side
- connect the two cerebellar hemisphere together
intrinsic fibers
- form greater part of white matter
- enter thorugh inferior & middle cerebellar peduncle
afferent fibers
- constitute the output of cerebellum
- commence as axons of purkinje cells
efferent fibers
three masses of gray matter
intracerebellar nuclei
cerebellar cortical mechanisms
climbing & mossy fibers
origin: terminal fibers of olivocerebellar tract
climbing fibers
terminates: pass through the granular layer of cortex & terminate in the molecular layer by repeating constantly
climibing fibers
neurotransmitter: single purkinje neuron makes synaptic contact with only 1 climbing fiber; one climbing fiber makes synaptic contact to 1 to 10 purkinje neuron
climbing fibers
provide rich exitatory drive to cerebellar cortex
mossy fibers
origin: multiple brainstem nuclei (afferent tracts)
mossy fibers
terminates: granule cells in a layer below purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex
mossy fibers
neurotransmitter: immunoreactivity for inhibatory neurotransmitter GABA & GAB 67
mossy fibers
intracerebellar nuclear mechanism
climbing & mossy fiber -> purkinje cell -> deep cerebellar nuclei -> brainstem/thalamus -> brain/spinal cord
fibers going to cerebellum from cerebral cortex (afferent)
corticopontocerebellar
cerebro-olivicerebellar
cerebroreticulocerebellar
arises from nerve cells in frontal, parietal, temporal, & occipital lobe
corticopontocerebellar & cerebro-olivocerebellar
descends to corona radiata & internal capsule
corticopontocerebellar & cerebro-olivocerebellar
terminates at pontine nuclei
corticopontocerebellar
terminates at bilaterally on the inferior olivary nuclei
cerebro-olivocerebellar
arises from nerve cells from sensorimotor areas
cerebroreticulocerebellar
descends and terminates to reticular formation on the same & opposite side in pons & medulla
cerebro-olivocerebellar
- control of voluntary movement
- information of initiation of movement in cerebral cortex is transmitted to cerebellum so that movement can be monitored & appropriate adjustment in muscle activity can be made
cerebellar afferent fibers from cerebral cortex function
posterior root ganglion -> nucleus dorsalis -> c/1 anterior spinocerebellar tract and ipsi -> contralateral white column
anterior spinocerebellar tract
- convey muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of upper & lower limb
- cerebellum receives information from skin & superficial fascia
anterior spinocerebellar tract
posterior root ganglion -> posterior gray column -> nucleus dorsalis -> ipsi posterior cerebellar tract and ipsi -> medulla oblongata
posterior cerebellar tract
receive muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of trunk & lower limbs
posterior cerebellar tract
nucleus cuneatus
cuneo-cerebellar tract
receive muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of upper limbs & upper part of thorax
cuneo-cerebellar tract
inner ear structures -> vestibular afferent fibers -> inferior cerebellar peduncle -> vestibular nuclei (other afferent)
vestibular nerve
relay sensorimotor cortex to spinal cord
red nucleus
red nucleus
red nucleus -> inferiro olivary nucleus -> contralateral anterior & posterior lobe
provide visual & auditory information
tectum
rotated & flexed
head
side of lesion is lower than normal side
shoulder
wide base & stiff legged
lower extremity
lurches & staggers toward the affected side
gait
muscle groups fail to work harmoniously
asynergy
- difficulty in movement
- gestures are broken up into individual segments
- not executed smoothly
decomposition of movement
- undershoot/overshoot the mark
- past pointing
dysmetria
inability to perform alternating movements regularly & rapidly
dysdiadochokinesia
fine movements such as buttoning clothes, writing, shaving are attempted
intention tumor
- walk in a wide & slow gait
- fall toward the side of lesion
ataxic gait
decreased muscle tone
hypotonia
rhythmic oscillation are same rate in both directions
pendular nystagmus
rhythmic oscillation are quicker in one direction than in other
jerk nystagmus
rhythmic oscillation in many planes
rotatory nystagmus
- tapping of patellar tendon
- movement continues as a series of flexion & extension movement at knee joint
- leg moves like pendelum
pendulum knee jerk
- ataxia of muscles of larynx
- speech tends to be explosive
- sylabbles are slurred
dysarthia
Conveys cortex control from cerebral
corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
conveys information from mucles & joints
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Conveys information from muscles and joints of upper limb
Cuneocerebellar
Conveys information of head position and movement
Vestibular nerve
Conveys information from midbrain
Other afferents
origin of Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
Corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
origin of Sensorimotor areas
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
origin of Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
origin of Utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
vestibular nerve
Red nucleus, tectum
Other afferents
Via pontine nuclei and mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex
Corticopontocerebellar
Via inferior olivary nuclei and climbing fibers to cerebellar cortex
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Via reticular formation
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
Via mossy fibers to cortex of flocculonodular lobe
Vestibular nerve
Cerebellar cortex
Other afferents
afferent cerebellar pathways
Corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
Vestibular nerve
Other afferents
Influences ipsilateral motor activity
GIobose-emboliform-rubraI
DentatothaIamic
Influences ipsilateral extensor muscle tone
Fastigial vestibular
Influences ipsilateral muscle tone
fastigial reticular
origin of GIobose and emboliform nuclei
GIobose-emboliform- rubraI
origin of Dentate nucleus
DentatothaIamic
origin of Fastigial nucleus
Fastigial vestibular
fastigial reticular
To contraIateraI red nucleus, then via crossed rubrospinaI tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord
GIobose-emboliform- rubraI
To contraIateraI ventroIateraI nucleus of the thalamus, then to contraIateraI motor cerebral cortex; corticospinal tract crosses midIine and controls ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord
DentatothaIamic
Mainly to ipsilateral and to contraIateraI IateraI vestibular nucIei; vestibulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord
Fastigial vestibular
To neurons of reticular formation; reticulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons to the spinal cord
fastigial reticular
separated from the occipital lobes of the
cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli.
gross appearance of the cerebellum:
Each cerebellar hemisphere controls the tone of skeletal muscles supplied by spinal nerves
on the ___ side of the body.
same
Each cerebellar hemisphere controls the tone of skeletal muscles supplied by spinal nerves
on the ___ side of the body.
same
consists of two cerebellar hemi-
spheres joined by a narrow median vermis.
cerebellum
axons of ___ form the efferent
fibers from the cerebellar cortex.
purkinje cells
axons of the ___ form the main cerebellar outflow.
intracerebellar nuclei
enters the
cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle.
anterior spinocerebellar tract
___ and ___ constitute the two main lines of input to the cerebellar cortex.
climbing and mossy fibers
controls voluntary movement by coordinating the force and extent of contraction of different muscles.
cerebellum
___ of the cerebellar nuclei influences
muscle activity so that movements can progress in an orderly sequence from one movement to the next.
output
Loss of pain and temperature on the left side of the body
striae medullaris
Nystagmus
Corpus callosum
Hypotonicity of the muscles on the right with a tendency to fall to the right
Right inferior cerebellar peduncle
leave the cerebellum Corticopontocerebellar
Middle cerebellar
peduncle
leave the cerebellum cuneocerebellar
lnferior cerebellar
peduncle
leave the cerebellum cerebellar reticular
lnferior cerebellar
peduncle
leave the cerebellum Cerebellar rubral
Superior cerebellar peduncle
lies posterior to the medulla oblongata
cerebellum
The anterior lobe is separated from the middle (posterior) lobe by
primary fissure
The flocculonodular lobe is separated from the middle (posterior) lobe by the
uvulonodular fissure
lies anterior to the cerebellum
4th ventricle
cerebellum has ___ effect on the activity of smooth muscle.
no
cerebellum has the ___ influence on the skeletal muscle supplied by cranial nerves as on that supplied by spinal nerves
same
cerebellum has the ___ influence on the skeletal muscle supplied by cranial nerves as on that supplied by spinal nerves
same
The important Purkinje cells are
Golgi type I neurons
exert an inhibitory influence on the intracerebellar nuclei.
Purkinje cells
inferior surface of the cerebellum shows a deep groove formed by the ___ of the vermis
inferior surface
The ___ joins the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata
inferior cerebellar peduncle
found in the cortex and in the three masses forming the intracerebellar nuclei.
gray matter
white matter and folia of the cortex have a branched appearance on the cut surface, called
arbor vitae
folded by many transverse fissures into folia
cerebellar cortex
structure of the ___ is identical in different parts of the cerebellum
cortex
found in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex
purkinje cells
found in the deepest (granular) layer of the cerebellar cortex
golgi cells
deeply embedded in the white matter
intracerebellar nuclei
nuclei are located posterior to the roof of the
4th ventricle
From medial to lateral, the nuclei are named as follows:
fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate
most of the fibers are efferent and arise from the neurons of the intracerebellar nuclei
superior cerebellar peduncle
contains afferent fibers of the posterior spinocerbellar tract, the cuneocerebellar tract, the vestibular nucleus, and the olivocerebellar tract
inferior cerebellar peduncle
come from the cerebellum, including the fastigial vestibular pathway and the fastigial reticular pathway
efferent fibers
formed of fibers that arise from the pontine nuclei
middle cerebellar peduncle
surface structures and are easily seen on dissection.
cerebellar peduncles
end by making synaptic contacts with the dendrites of the granular cells and the Golgi cells
mossy fibers
enter the cerebellum through the superior, inferior, and middle cerebellar peduncles
afferent fibers
excitatory to the Purkinje cells
afferent fibers
afferent fibers to the cerebellum are
myelinated
cerebellum influences the actions of ___ not tendons
muscles
cerebellum inhibits the contraction of ___ muscles.
antagonistic
cerebellum ___ influences skeletal muscle activity with the assistance of the cerebral cortex.
indirectly
cerebellum has no effect on the control of ___ muscle in the wall of the intestine.
smooth
cerebellum has no effect on the control of ___ muscle in the wall of the intestine.
smooth
make multiple synaptic contacts with 1 to 10 Purkinje cells.
climbing fibers
stimulate many Purkinje cells by first stimulating the granular cells
mossy fibers
intracerebellar nuclei send axons to the ___ of the thalamus, where they are relayed to the cerebral cortex
ventrolateral nucleus
caused by the failure of the cerebellum to inhibit the cerebral cortex after the movement has begun
past pointing
cerebellar cortex has the ___ uniform microscopic structure in different individuals.
same
exert a stimulatory influence on the neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei.
purkinje cells
principally influences movement on the same side of the body.
cerebellar hemisphere
part of the cerebellum that lies in the midline
vermis