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👩🏻‍🔬 Neuroscience > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

location of cerebellum

A
  • posterior cranial fossa
  • posterior to 4th ventricle, pons, medulla oblongata
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2
Q

3 lobes of cerebellum

A

anterior, middle, flocculonodular lobe

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3
Q
  • seen on the superior surface
  • separated from middle lobe
A

anterior lobe

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4
Q

V shaped fissure

A

primary fissure

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5
Q
  • posterior lobe
  • largest part
  • between primary & uvulonodar fissure
A

middle lobe

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6
Q

posterior to uvulonodar fissure

A

flocculonodular lobe

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7
Q

functional division

A

spinocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum

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8
Q
  • receive major spinal cord inputs
  • feed forward control
  • control both muscle tone & execution of movements
A

spinocerebellum

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9
Q
  • planning movements & motor learning
  • largest
  • sends outputs to thalamus & red nucleus
A

cerebrocerebellum

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10
Q

receives major inputs from vestibular system

A

vestibulocerebellum

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11
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncle

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12
Q
  • paired structure of white matter
  • connects to cerebellum to midbrain
A

superior cerebellar peduncle

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13
Q

conveys information from cerebrum & pons to cerebellum

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q
  • integrating propropceptive sensory input with motor vestibular functions
  • balance & posture maintenance
A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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15
Q

functions of cerebellum

A
  • coordinator of precise movements
  • maintain upright posture with respect to one’s position in space
  • maintain tension or firmness of muscle
  • balance & equilibrium
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16
Q

intracerebellar nuclei

A

fastigal
denate
interposed nucleus

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17
Q

lies near the middle in the vermis & close to the roof of 4th ventricle

A

fastigal nucleus

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18
Q
  • largest cerebellar nuclei
  • crumpled bag with opening facing medially
  • interior is made with white matter made up of efferent fibers
A

denate nucleus

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19
Q
  • compromise the emboliform & glubase nucleus
  • deep cerebellar complex
A

interposed nucleus

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20
Q

structures of cerebellum

A

white and gray matter

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21
Q
  • resembles trunk & branches of a tree
  • section made through cerebellar parallel with median plane, divides the folia at right angles
A

arbor vitae

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22
Q

gray matter

A

molecular, purkinje, granular layer

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23
Q
  • contains stellate & basket cells
  • neuroglial cells are found between the structures
A

molecular layer

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24
Q

scattered among dentric aborizations & numerous thin axons that run parallel to the long axis of the folia

A

stellate & basket cells

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25
Q
  • large golgi type 1 neurons
  • flask shaped & arranged in single layer
  • integrate large amount of information & learn by remodeling their dendrites
A

purkinje cell layer

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26
Q
  • packed with small cells with densely staning nuclei & scanty cytoplasm
  • claw-like endings & have synaptic contact with mossy fiber input
  • neuroglial cells are found
A

granular layer

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27
Q

influences movements of the long axis of the body, neck, shoulders, thorax, abdomen, hips

A

cortex of the vermis

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28
Q

control muscle of distal parts of the limbs (hands & feet)

A

intermediate zone of cerebellar hemisphere

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29
Q
  • planning of sequencial movements of the entire body
  • involved with conscious assessment of movement errors
A

lateral zone

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30
Q

3 groups of fibers of white matter

A

intrinsic
afferent
efferent fibers

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31
Q
  • do not leave the cerebellum but connect different regions of the organ
  • interconnet folia of cerebellar cortex & vermis on the same side
  • connect the two cerebellar hemisphere together
A

intrinsic fibers

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32
Q
  • form greater part of white matter
  • enter thorugh inferior & middle cerebellar peduncle
A

afferent fibers

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33
Q
  • constitute the output of cerebellum
  • commence as axons of purkinje cells
A

efferent fibers

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34
Q

three masses of gray matter

A

intracerebellar nuclei

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35
Q

cerebellar cortical mechanisms

A

climbing & mossy fibers

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36
Q

origin: terminal fibers of olivocerebellar tract

A

climbing fibers

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37
Q

terminates: pass through the granular layer of cortex & terminate in the molecular layer by repeating constantly

A

climibing fibers

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38
Q

neurotransmitter: single purkinje neuron makes synaptic contact with only 1 climbing fiber; one climbing fiber makes synaptic contact to 1 to 10 purkinje neuron

A

climbing fibers

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39
Q

provide rich exitatory drive to cerebellar cortex

A

mossy fibers

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40
Q

origin: multiple brainstem nuclei (afferent tracts)

A

mossy fibers

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41
Q

terminates: granule cells in a layer below purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex

A

mossy fibers

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42
Q

neurotransmitter: immunoreactivity for inhibatory neurotransmitter GABA & GAB 67

A

mossy fibers

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43
Q

intracerebellar nuclear mechanism

A

climbing & mossy fiber -> purkinje cell -> deep cerebellar nuclei -> brainstem/thalamus -> brain/spinal cord

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44
Q

fibers going to cerebellum from cerebral cortex (afferent)

A

corticopontocerebellar
cerebro-olivicerebellar
cerebroreticulocerebellar

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45
Q

arises from nerve cells in frontal, parietal, temporal, & occipital lobe

A

corticopontocerebellar & cerebro-olivocerebellar

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46
Q

descends to corona radiata & internal capsule

A

corticopontocerebellar & cerebro-olivocerebellar

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47
Q

terminates at pontine nuclei

A

corticopontocerebellar

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48
Q

terminates at bilaterally on the inferior olivary nuclei

A

cerebro-olivocerebellar

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49
Q

arises from nerve cells from sensorimotor areas

A

cerebroreticulocerebellar

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50
Q

descends and terminates to reticular formation on the same & opposite side in pons & medulla

A

cerebro-olivocerebellar

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51
Q
  • control of voluntary movement
  • information of initiation of movement in cerebral cortex is transmitted to cerebellum so that movement can be monitored & appropriate adjustment in muscle activity can be made
A

cerebellar afferent fibers from cerebral cortex function

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52
Q

posterior root ganglion -> nucleus dorsalis -> c/1 anterior spinocerebellar tract and ipsi -> contralateral white column

A

anterior spinocerebellar tract

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53
Q
  • convey muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of upper & lower limb
  • cerebellum receives information from skin & superficial fascia
A

anterior spinocerebellar tract

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54
Q

posterior root ganglion -> posterior gray column -> nucleus dorsalis -> ipsi posterior cerebellar tract and ipsi -> medulla oblongata

A

posterior cerebellar tract

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55
Q

receive muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of trunk & lower limbs

A

posterior cerebellar tract

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56
Q

nucleus cuneatus

A

cuneo-cerebellar tract

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57
Q

receive muscle joint information from muscle spindles, tendon organs, joint receptors of upper limbs & upper part of thorax

A

cuneo-cerebellar tract

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58
Q

inner ear structures -> vestibular afferent fibers -> inferior cerebellar peduncle -> vestibular nuclei (other afferent)

A

vestibular nerve

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59
Q

relay sensorimotor cortex to spinal cord

A

red nucleus

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60
Q

red nucleus

A

red nucleus -> inferiro olivary nucleus -> contralateral anterior & posterior lobe

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61
Q

provide visual & auditory information

A

tectum

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62
Q

rotated & flexed

A

head

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63
Q

side of lesion is lower than normal side

A

shoulder

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64
Q

wide base & stiff legged

A

lower extremity

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65
Q

lurches & staggers toward the affected side

A

gait

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66
Q

muscle groups fail to work harmoniously

A

asynergy

67
Q
  • difficulty in movement
  • gestures are broken up into individual segments
  • not executed smoothly
A

decomposition of movement

68
Q
  • undershoot/overshoot the mark
  • past pointing
A

dysmetria

69
Q

inability to perform alternating movements regularly & rapidly

A

dysdiadochokinesia

70
Q

fine movements such as buttoning clothes, writing, shaving are attempted

A

intention tumor

71
Q
  • walk in a wide & slow gait
  • fall toward the side of lesion
A

ataxic gait

72
Q

decreased muscle tone

A

hypotonia

73
Q

rhythmic oscillation are same rate in both directions

A

pendular nystagmus

74
Q

rhythmic oscillation are quicker in one direction than in other

A

jerk nystagmus

75
Q

rhythmic oscillation in many planes

A

rotatory nystagmus

76
Q
  • tapping of patellar tendon
  • movement continues as a series of flexion & extension movement at knee joint
  • leg moves like pendelum
A

pendulum knee jerk

77
Q
  • ataxia of muscles of larynx
  • speech tends to be explosive
  • sylabbles are slurred
A

dysarthia

78
Q

Conveys cortex control from cerebral

A

corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Cerebroreticulocerebellar

79
Q

conveys information from mucles & joints

A

Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar

80
Q

Conveys information from muscles and joints of upper limb

A

Cuneocerebellar

81
Q

Conveys information of head position and movement

A

Vestibular nerve

82
Q

Conveys information from midbrain

A

Other afferents

83
Q

origin of Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

A

Corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar

84
Q

origin of Sensorimotor areas

A

Cerebroreticulocerebellar

85
Q

origin of Muscle spindles, tendon organs, and joint receptors

A

Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar

86
Q

origin of Utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals

A

vestibular nerve

87
Q

Red nucleus, tectum

A

Other afferents

88
Q

Via pontine nuclei and mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex

A

Corticopontocerebellar

89
Q

Via inferior olivary nuclei and climbing fibers to cerebellar cortex

A

Cerebro-olivocerebellar

90
Q

Via reticular formation

A

Cerebroreticulocerebellar

91
Q

Via mossy fibers to cerebellar cortex

A

Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar

92
Q

Via mossy fibers to cortex of flocculonodular lobe

A

Vestibular nerve

93
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

Other afferents

94
Q

afferent cerebellar pathways

A

Corticopontocerebellar
Cerebro-olivocerebellar
Cerebroreticulocerebellar
Anterior spinocerebellar
Posterior spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
Vestibular nerve
Other afferents

95
Q

Influences ipsilateral motor activity

A

GIobose-emboliform-rubraI
DentatothaIamic

96
Q

Influences ipsilateral extensor muscle tone

A

Fastigial vestibular

97
Q

Influences ipsilateral muscle tone

A

fastigial reticular

98
Q

origin of GIobose and emboliform nuclei

A

GIobose-emboliform- rubraI

99
Q

origin of Dentate nucleus

A

DentatothaIamic

100
Q

origin of Fastigial nucleus

A

Fastigial vestibular
fastigial reticular

101
Q

To contraIateraI red nucleus, then via crossed rubrospinaI tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

GIobose-emboliform- rubraI

102
Q

To contraIateraI ventroIateraI nucleus of the thalamus, then to contraIateraI motor cerebral cortex; corticospinal tract crosses midIine and controls ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

DentatothaIamic

103
Q

Mainly to ipsilateral and to contraIateraI IateraI vestibular nucIei; vestibulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

Fastigial vestibular

104
Q

To neurons of reticular formation; reticulospinal tract to ipsilateral motor neurons to the spinal cord

A

fastigial reticular

105
Q

separated from the occipital lobes of the
cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli.

A

gross appearance of the cerebellum:

106
Q

Each cerebellar hemisphere controls the tone of skeletal muscles supplied by spinal nerves
on the ___ side of the body.

A

same

107
Q

Each cerebellar hemisphere controls the tone of skeletal muscles supplied by spinal nerves
on the ___ side of the body.

A

same

108
Q

consists of two cerebellar hemi-
spheres joined by a narrow median vermis.

A

cerebellum

109
Q

axons of ___ form the efferent
fibers from the cerebellar cortex.

A

purkinje cells

110
Q

axons of the ___ form the main cerebellar outflow.

A

intracerebellar nuclei

111
Q

enters the
cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle.

A

anterior spinocerebellar tract

112
Q

___ and ___ constitute the two main lines of input to the cerebellar cortex.

A

climbing and mossy fibers

113
Q

controls voluntary movement by coordinating the force and extent of contraction of different muscles.

A

cerebellum

114
Q

___ of the cerebellar nuclei influences
muscle activity so that movements can progress in an orderly sequence from one movement to the next.

A

output

115
Q

Loss of pain and temperature on the left side of the body

A

striae medullaris

116
Q

Nystagmus

A

Corpus callosum

117
Q

Hypotonicity of the muscles on the right with a tendency to fall to the right

A

Right inferior cerebellar peduncle

118
Q

leave the cerebellum Corticopontocerebellar

A

Middle cerebellar
peduncle

119
Q

leave the cerebellum cuneocerebellar

A

lnferior cerebellar
peduncle

120
Q

leave the cerebellum cerebellar reticular

A

lnferior cerebellar
peduncle

121
Q

leave the cerebellum Cerebellar rubral

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

122
Q

lies posterior to the medulla oblongata

A

cerebellum

123
Q

The anterior lobe is separated from the middle (posterior) lobe by

A

primary fissure

124
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is separated from the middle (posterior) lobe by the

A

uvulonodular fissure

125
Q

lies anterior to the cerebellum

A

4th ventricle

126
Q

cerebellum has ___ effect on the activity of smooth muscle.

A

no

127
Q

cerebellum has the ___ influence on the skeletal muscle supplied by cranial nerves as on that supplied by spinal nerves

A

same

127
Q

cerebellum has the ___ influence on the skeletal muscle supplied by cranial nerves as on that supplied by spinal nerves

A

same

128
Q

The important Purkinje cells are

A

Golgi type I neurons

129
Q

exert an inhibitory influence on the intracerebellar nuclei.

A

Purkinje cells

130
Q

inferior surface of the cerebellum shows a deep groove formed by the ___ of the vermis

A

inferior surface

131
Q

The ___ joins the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

132
Q

found in the cortex and in the three masses forming the intracerebellar nuclei.

A

gray matter

133
Q

white matter and folia of the cortex have a branched appearance on the cut surface, called

A

arbor vitae

134
Q

folded by many transverse fissures into folia

A

cerebellar cortex

135
Q

structure of the ___ is identical in different parts of the cerebellum

A

cortex

136
Q

found in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cells

137
Q

found in the deepest (granular) layer of the cerebellar cortex

A

golgi cells

138
Q

deeply embedded in the white matter

A

intracerebellar nuclei

139
Q

nuclei are located posterior to the roof of the

A

4th ventricle

140
Q

From medial to lateral, the nuclei are named as follows:

A

fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate

141
Q

most of the fibers are efferent and arise from the neurons of the intracerebellar nuclei

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

142
Q

contains afferent fibers of the posterior spinocerbellar tract, the cuneocerebellar tract, the vestibular nucleus, and the olivocerebellar tract

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

143
Q

come from the cerebellum, including the fastigial vestibular pathway and the fastigial reticular pathway

A

efferent fibers

144
Q

formed of fibers that arise from the pontine nuclei

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

145
Q

surface structures and are easily seen on dissection.

A

cerebellar peduncles

146
Q

end by making synaptic contacts with the dendrites of the granular cells and the Golgi cells

A

mossy fibers

147
Q

enter the cerebellum through the superior, inferior, and middle cerebellar peduncles

A

afferent fibers

148
Q

excitatory to the Purkinje cells

A

afferent fibers

149
Q

afferent fibers to the cerebellum are

A

myelinated

150
Q

cerebellum influences the actions of ___ not tendons

A

muscles

151
Q

cerebellum inhibits the contraction of ___ muscles.

A

antagonistic

152
Q

cerebellum ___ influences skeletal muscle activity with the assistance of the cerebral cortex.

A

indirectly

153
Q

cerebellum has no effect on the control of ___ muscle in the wall of the intestine.

A

smooth

154
Q

cerebellum has no effect on the control of ___ muscle in the wall of the intestine.

A

smooth

155
Q

make multiple synaptic contacts with 1 to 10 Purkinje cells.

A

climbing fibers

156
Q

stimulate many Purkinje cells by first stimulating the granular cells

A

mossy fibers

157
Q

intracerebellar nuclei send axons to the ___ of the thalamus, where they are relayed to the cerebral cortex

A

ventrolateral nucleus

158
Q

caused by the failure of the cerebellum to inhibit the cerebral cortex after the movement has begun

A

past pointing

159
Q

cerebellar cortex has the ___ uniform microscopic structure in different individuals.

A

same

160
Q

exert a stimulatory influence on the neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei.

A

purkinje cells

161
Q

principally influences movement on the same side of the body.

A

cerebellar hemisphere

162
Q

part of the cerebellum that lies in the midline

A

vermis

👩🏻‍🔬 Neuroscience (11 decks)

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