Cephalosporines

Question 1

Mode of action

Answer 1

Time dependent bactericidal.

Question 2

Resistance

Answer 2

Ab ovo resistance.
Betalactamase.
PBP mutation.

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Brucella, Mycobacteria
Pseudomonas- but Cefoperazone, Cephazitrine works

Question 3

Spectrum: 1st gen

Answer 3

Pronounced against Gram+, less Gram -.

Streptococcus, Staphylococcus.

Question 4

Spectrum: 2nd gen

Answer 4

Less against Gram+, more against Gram-.
E.coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella.
UTI, dermatitis.
Upper respiratory tract inf.
Otitis, pharyngitis.

Question 5

Spectrum: 3rd gen

Answer 5

Weak against Gram+.
Active against Gram-, betalactamase producers
PSEUDOMONAS.
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA- fusobacteria- bite wounds, oral cavity, foot rot.
Mastits- E.coli
MENINGITIS- lipophilicity.

Question 6

Spectrum: 4th gen

Answer 6

CIA!!!!
ONLY USED IN LIFE THREATENING SITUATIONS!

Good activity against Gram+, most Gram- betalactamase producers.

Mainly in large animals.
UTI, GI, respiratort tract inf.

Question 7

With every generation, what increase?

Answer 7

Lipophilicity.

Question 8

Pharmacokinetics:

Answer 8

Absorption: oral, parenteral.
Distribution: varies between generations. 3rd gen= lipophilic -> cross BBB -> treat meningitis.
Metabolism: in the liver.
Excretion: Kidney. Bile- cefoperazone, cefachlor, ceftriaxone.

Long T1/2: cefovecin, ceftiofur.

Question 9

Cefovecin:

Answer 9

Used in small animals- dermatitis, oral cavity infection, UTI.
3rd generation.
Used SC.
T1/2: Dogs: 5 days, cat: 7 days
Duration of action: 14 days SC. PAE= long.
8 mg/kg.
Excretion: kidney- urine.

No tissue irritation, but others have.

Question 10

Ceftiofur:

Answer 10

Large animals- cattle and swine.
IM, SC.
1-2 mg/kg IM.

Ceftiofur Na- short acting, BID 8-12h.
Ceftiofur crystalline free acid: long duration ca 3 days.
Ceftiofur hydrochloride- SID.

Metabolite: Desfuroyl ceftiofur

Main indication: respiratory tract inf., GI, UTI.

Question 11

Doseage of other Cephalosporines:

Answer 11

15-20 mg/kg.

Question 12

Side effects:

Answer 12

decreased thrombocyte count- anemia.
Mild nephrotoxic.
Dysbacteriosis- NOT TO horse and herbivore rodents.
Allergy: cross reaction with penicillins.
Tissue irritation- Cefalovesin is exception.

Question 13

Indications:

Answer 13

Mastitis. 
Dermatitis. 
Soft tissue inf. 
Respiratory inf. 
UTI. 
Meningitis, encephalitis. 
Praeoperative, intraoperative- prophylaxis.

Question 14

Name the drugs:

Answer 14

Cefalexin- 1st gen.
Cefapirin, cefacetil- 1st gen.
Cefazoline- 1st gen.

Cefiroxime- 2nd gen.

Cefixime- 3rd gen.
Ceftoperazone- 3rd gen.
Ceftiofur- 3rd gen.
Ceftiovecin- 3rd gen.

Cefquinone- 4th gen.

Question 15

Cefalexin:

Answer 15

1st gen. 
Oral.
15-20 mg/kg.
Gram+.
Dermatitiis, UTI- Staphylococcus. NOT E.coli!

Question 16

Cefapirin, cefacetil:

Answer 16

1st gen.

Mastitis- Staphylococcus.Only Gram+ mastitis.

Question 17

Cefazoline:

Answer 17

30 min before surgery- IV.

Question 18

Cefiroxime:

Answer 18

Not so often in vet med.

Upper respiratory, otitis, pharyngitis.

Question 19

Cefixime:

Answer 19

Oral.

Question 20

Ceftoperazone:

Answer 20

3rd gen.

Pseudomonas. Otitis, mastitis caused by E.coli, Gram-.

Question 21

Cefotaxime, Cetraxone:

Answer 21

Meningitis.

Question 22

Cefquinone:

Answer 22

4th gen.
CIA!!!!

UTI, GI, respiratory tract inf.

Question 23

Oral drugs:

Answer 23

Cefalexin, Cefadroxil- 1st gen.

Cefiroxime axetil, Cefachlor- 2nd gen.

Cefixime- 3rd gen.

4th gen= NO ORAL.

Question 24

Parenteral drugs:

Answer 24

Cefapirin, cefacetil, cefalotin, cefazoline- 1st gen.

Cefiroxime- 2nd gen.

Cefoperem, ceftazidime, ceftiofur, cefovecin, ceftoaxime, ceftriaxone- 3rd gen.

Cefquinone- 4th gen.