Central Neural & Humoral Control Of MAP

Question 1

Local responses to excercise

Answer 1

Increase vasodilator metabolites
Dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles
Decrease TPR (total peripheral resistance)

Increase blood flow to skeletal muscle

Question 2

Exercise central command

Answer 2

Increased sympathetic outflow
Decreased parasympathetic outflow (heart flow only)

Increased heart rate
Increased contractility
Increased cardiac output
Constriction of arterioles (splanchnic and renal)
Constriction of veins
Decreased unstressed volume

Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle

Question 3

Body anticipates exercise and _________________ sympathetic outflow and _____________ parasympathetic

CO ___________ and non active tissues _____________ resistance

Local reflexes of contracting muscle causes _______________. Tissue mass can be great enough that it could cause a large _____________ of TPR and BP if anticipatory reflexes had not already been invoked

Answer 3

Increases
Decreases

Increases
Increase

Vasodilation
Reduction

Question 4

Decreased blood volume can be caused by

Answer 4

Hemorrhage
Dehydration
Loss of body fluids

Question 5

Hemorrhage
___________________ venous return, preload, stroke volume, CO and BP
________________ reflexes are stimulated
_______________ reflexes are initiated

Answer 5

Decreased
Baroreceptors
Hormonal

Question 6

Capillaries response to hemorrhage

Answer 6

Decreased capillary pressure
Increased fluid absorption
Increased blood volume
Increased arterial pressure toward normal

Question 7

Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone response to hemorrhage

Answer 7

Increased angiotensin II

Increased TPR

Increased aldosterone
Increased sodium reabsorption
Increased blood volume

Increased arterial pressure toward normal

Question 8

Baroreceptor reflex to hemorrhage

Answer 8

Increased sympathetic outflow

Increased heart rate
Increased contractility
Increased cardiac output

Constriction of arterioles
Increased TPR

Constriction of veins
Decreased unstressed volume

Increased arterial pressure toward normal

Question 9

Blood movement in upright position

Answer 9

Normally upright movement initiates muscle pumps which push blood upward towards the heart past valves in the limbs
If no movement then venous return accumulates in lower limbs increasing venous and capillary hydrostatic pressure
Venous pooling can result in edema and/or pressure
Reflexes will attempt to bring BP back to normal

Question 10

Responses to standing

Answer 10

Decreased venous return
Decreased CO and therefore decreased BP
Baroreceptor reflex
Hormonal reflex will also be initiated but probably too slow to have a significant impact
Orthostatic hypotension

Standing
Pooling of blood in veins
Decreased arterial pressure
Baroreceptor reflex
Increased sympathetic outflow 

Increased heart rate
Increased contractility
Increased cardiac output

Constriction of arterioles
Increased TPR

Constriction of veins
Decreased unstressed volume

Increased arterial pressure toward normal