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CP Final > Cardiac Cycle & Sounds > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle & Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

Systole

A

The contraction of the heart. It can be divided into atrial systole (the atria are contracting) and ventricular systole (the ventricles are contracting)

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2
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation of the heart. It’s common to refer to ventricular diastole, but the atria do relax too

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3
Q

Blood pressure is therefore shown as two numbers- the systolic pressure (the pressure ___________________) and the diastolic pressure (the pressure __________________). It is always written as _________________/_________________

A

During contraction
At the end of diastole
Systolic
Diastolic

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4
Q

Three phases of ventricular systole

A
  1. Isovolumic/isovolumetric contraction
  2. Ventricular contraction
  3. Ventricular ejection
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5
Q

Both _______ and __________ can generate spontaneous action potentials

A

SA node

AV node

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6
Q

Under normal conditions, the ___________ is fastest and serves as the normal pacemaker for the heart

A

SA node

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7
Q

When the SA node fires, the action potential is spread through the atria (_________________)

A

Gap junctions

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8
Q

The _____________ receives the depolarization from the SA node via an ___________________________________

A

AV node

Internodal pathway

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9
Q

The AV node is ________ to conduct the action potential to the _____________, so there is a very brief “pause”

A

Slow

Ventricle

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10
Q

The ventricles are then __________________

A

Depolarize

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11
Q

The ventricles will ___________________, but the _____________ to depolarize are the _____________ to repolarize

A

Repolarize
Last
First

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12
Q

Since the atria depolarize first, they contract first-this ________________ the pressure in the atria

A

Increases

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13
Q

Atrial pressure increases
AV valves are _____________, aortic and pulmonary valves are _____________
Ventricular pressure is _______________ than atrial pressure slightly

A

Open
Closed
Lower

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14
Q

QRS complex on ECG
AV valves are ______________, aortic and pulmonary valves are _________________
Ventricular pressure is __________________________-no ejection at this point
___________________________ in atrial pressure

A

Open
Closed
Rising rapidly
Little increase

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15
Q

ST segment on ECG
AV valves are ______________, aortic and pulmonary valves are ____________
Ventricular __________________
Ventricular pressure continues to _________ and ______________ is taking place
_____________ heart sound

A 
Closed
Open
Ejection
Rise
Ejection
First
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16
Q

The _____________ heart sound (“lub”) is associated with closure of the ______________ valves

A

First

AV

17
Q

What actually causes the heart sound during ventricular systole?

A

The sound is the result of blood in the atria hitting the closed valves as it tries to enter the ventricle. That impact creates a vibration in the cardiac tissue that can be heard

18
Q

The pressure in the ventricle must ________________ the pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta before the valves leaving the ventricles will __________

A

Exceed

Open

19
Q

Normal aortic pressure

A

120/70

20
Q

Normal pulmonary artery pressure

A

25/15

21
Q

The ventricular pressure must exceed the ____________ pressure on each side to open the valve

A

Diastolic

22
Q

T wave on ECG
AV valves are ______________, aortic and pulmonary valves are ___________
Ventricular pressure begins to _______________, blood is still ejected until the aortic valve closes
Ventricular ___________________

A

Closed
Open
Decrease
Repolarization

23
Q

Diastole starts at heart sound _________
AV valves ______________, aortic and pulmonary valves are _______________
Ventricular pressure ________________ rapidly __________________________ atrial pressure, atrial pressure is gradually ________________ until AV valves _________

A 
Two
Closed
Closed
Decreases
Falling below
Increasing
Open
24
Q

Period where blood doesn’t enter or exit the ventricles

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

25
Q

What produces the second heart sound?

A

When the blood in the aorta/pulmonary artery backflows and “bounces” off the closed valves

26
Q

When the atrial pressure _______________ the ventricular pressure, the AV valves will open, and blood will move from the _________ to the ______________

A

Exceeds
Atria
Ventricles

27
Q

Rapid Ventricular Filling
AV valves ________________, pulmonary & aortic valves are ________________
Blood _____________________________

A

Open
Closed
Enters ventricle

28
Q

Venous pressure
The ___________ wave is the pressure wave created by the atrial contraction
Since there is no valve between the atria and great veins, the pressure is reflected backwards

A

A

29
Q

Venous pressure
The ________ wave is the pressure wave created by the period of isovolumetric contraction in the ventricles-there is bulging of the wall back into the atria

A

C

30
Q

Venous pressure

The ________ wave is the pressure wave created as blood returns back to the heart but can’t enter the ventricle

A

V

31
Q

Heart sound due to closure of the AV valves (which signifies the onset of isovolumic contraction immediately after the QRS complex)

A

First heart sound

32
Q

Arises from closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the end of ejection. It occurs near the end of the T wave and signifies the start of isovolumic relaxation

A

Second heart sound

33
Q

Occurs at the onset of rapid ventricular filling and is due to vibration of the ventricular wall

A

Third heart sound

34
Q

Occurs during atrial contraction and is due to vibration of the AV valve leaflets by blood flowing into the ventricle

A

Fourth heart sound

35
Q

What are the two causes of murmurs?

A

Blood moving in a direction it should not be moving

Blood having a hard time moving in the direction it should be moving in

36
Q

What are the two causes of systolic murmur?

A

Blood is moving in a direction it should not be moving-in this case, back into the atria, caused by regurgitation (mitral regurgitation)
Blood is having a hard time moving in the direction it should be moving it-in this case the blood can not get into the aorta/pulmonary artery due to stenosis

37
Q

What are the two causes of diastolic murmur?

A

Blood is moving in a direction it should not be moving-in this case, back into the aorta or pulmonary artery, caused by regurgitation (aortic regurgitation)
Blood is having a hard time moving in the direction it should be moving it-in this case the blood can not get into the ventricle due to stenosis

CP Final (10 decks)

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