Central Metabolism pt.1 Flashcards
what is metabolism
how we extract energy from our food
what do most cells use to generate energy
chemical oxidation-reduction reactions
what is catabolism / what is anabolism
break down of things to create energy / putting in energy to build something
what is the energy source for catabolism and anabolism
electron donors and acceptors
what are the catalysits of catabolism and anabolism
enzymes
what do electron carriers for electron transfers do
mediate the movement of electrons
what is the biochemical energy created
ATP
what is the electrochemical energy
proton motive force
what are the 12 precursor molecules
the building blocks of biological polymers
how can organisms be classified
the source and energy of electrons or by how they generate energy
what is chemoorganotrophy
energy produced by breaking down organic chemicals
what is chemolithotrophy
energy produced by oxidizing inorganic compounds
what is phototrophy
energy produced by harvesting light
what are respiratory organisms / what does all respiration require
energy generated through and electron transport (ETC) - electrons are transferred to a terminal electron acceptor to make a proton motive source (PMF) - can be performed aerobically or anaerobically / the electron transport chain
what are fermentative organisms
oxidation of organic compounds directly couples to energy production
what is the energy output dictated by
the electronegativity of the atoms in a molecule
how is the production of energy in an organism different from combustion
the same amount of energy is produced in an organism but it is more controlled with small releases of energy throughout the process
what releases energy in the reduction of oxygen
electron transfers release the energy
what do electron carriers do
pull out electrons from glucose while holding onto the electrons until they can reduce oxygen to water
what carries the charge of ATP
the built up negative charge with the three phosphates (squishes the spring) when released lots of energy
what is the first phase of glucose oxidation
glycolysis
what does glycolysis use and what does it produce
glucose and 2 ATP is used to generate 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH molecules
what are enzymes
highly specific protein catalysts that bind their substrate and speed up the reaction rate (lower the amount of activation energy needed to perform the reaction)
What are the three central metabolic pathways that work together to generate reducing power and energy in chemoorganotrophs
glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the tricraboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
what can a chemoorganotroph use as energy sources
sugars, fats, amino acids can all be used to generate ATP
why are the three main pathways so conserved throughout organisms
because all biochemical pathways are reversible, so reactions can be used in reverse to build precursors for biosynthesis (builds amino acids, polysaccharides, and lipids)
what creates the proton motive force in the ETC
the step wise electron transport is coupled to proton export from the cell to generate the PMF
what is the electrical potential
the separation of charge between the cytoplasm and solution outside the membrane
what does the PMF do
produces ATP, rotates the flagellum, uptakes molecules against a concentration gradient, efflux of molecules against the concentration gradient
what is the main goal of the PMF
minimize the concentration of protons in the cell - more protons outside the cell helps maintain functions for the cell
