Central Metabolism pt.1

Question 1

what is metabolism

Answer 1

how we extract energy from our food

Question 2

what do most cells use to generate energy

Answer 2

chemical oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 3

what is catabolism / what is anabolism

Answer 3

break down of things to create energy / putting in energy to build something

Question 4

what is the energy source for catabolism and anabolism

Answer 4

electron donors and acceptors

Question 5

what are the catalysits of catabolism and anabolism

Answer 5

enzymes

Question 6

what do electron carriers for electron transfers do

Answer 6

mediate the movement of electrons

Question 7

what is the biochemical energy created

Answer 7

ATP

Question 8

what is the electrochemical energy

Answer 8

proton motive force

Question 9

what are the 12 precursor molecules

Answer 9

the building blocks of biological polymers

Question 10

how can organisms be classified

Answer 10

the source and energy of electrons or by how they generate energy

Question 11

what is chemoorganotrophy

Answer 11

energy produced by breaking down organic chemicals

Question 12

what is chemolithotrophy

Answer 12

energy produced by oxidizing inorganic compounds

Question 13

what is phototrophy

Answer 13

energy produced by harvesting light

Question 14

what are respiratory organisms / what does all respiration require

Answer 14

energy generated through and electron transport (ETC) - electrons are transferred to a terminal electron acceptor to make a proton motive source (PMF) - can be performed aerobically or anaerobically / the electron transport chain

Question 15

what are fermentative organisms

Answer 15

oxidation of organic compounds directly couples to energy production

Question 16

what is the energy output dictated by

Answer 16

the electronegativity of the atoms in a molecule

Question 17

how is the production of energy in an organism different from combustion

Answer 17

the same amount of energy is produced in an organism but it is more controlled with small releases of energy throughout the process

Question 18

what releases energy in the reduction of oxygen

Answer 18

electron transfers release the energy

Question 19

what do electron carriers do

Answer 19

pull out electrons from glucose while holding onto the electrons until they can reduce oxygen to water

Question 20

what carries the charge of ATP

Answer 20

the built up negative charge with the three phosphates (squishes the spring) when released lots of energy

Question 21

what is the first phase of glucose oxidation

Answer 21

glycolysis

Question 22

what does glycolysis use and what does it produce

Answer 22

glucose and 2 ATP is used to generate 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH molecules

Question 23

what are enzymes

Answer 23

highly specific protein catalysts that bind their substrate and speed up the reaction rate (lower the amount of activation energy needed to perform the reaction)

Question 24

What are the three central metabolic pathways that work together to generate reducing power and energy in chemoorganotrophs

Answer 24

glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the tricraboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

Question 25

what can a chemoorganotroph use as energy sources

Answer 25

sugars, fats, amino acids can all be used to generate ATP

Question 26

why are the three main pathways so conserved throughout organisms

Answer 26

because all biochemical pathways are reversible, so reactions can be used in reverse to build precursors for biosynthesis (builds amino acids, polysaccharides, and lipids)

Question 27

what creates the proton motive force in the ETC

Answer 27

the step wise electron transport is coupled to proton export from the cell to generate the PMF

Question 28

what is the electrical potential

Answer 28

the separation of charge between the cytoplasm and solution outside the membrane

Question 29

what does the PMF do

Answer 29

produces ATP, rotates the flagellum, uptakes molecules against a concentration gradient, efflux of molecules against the concentration gradient

Question 30

what is the main goal of the PMF

Answer 30

minimize the concentration of protons in the cell - more protons outside the cell helps maintain functions for the cell