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Self Biology > Central Dogma > Flashcards

Central Dogma Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleoside

A

Composed of a 5 carbon sugar (pentose) bonded to a nitrogenous base and are formed by linking the base to C-1’ of the sugar.

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

Formed when one or more phosphate groups are attacehd to C-5’ of a nucleoside

Think ADP or ATP

Building blocks of DNA

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3
Q

How are nucleic acids classified?

A

According to the pentose ring that they contain.

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4
Q

How is the backbone of DNA formed?

A

It is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups and determines the directionality of DNA.

Always read 5’ to 3’

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5
Q

Purines

A

Contain 2 rings in their structure

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

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6
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Contain only one ring

Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
Thymine (T)

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7
Q

What nitrogenous base is only found in DNA?

A

Thymine (T)

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8
Q

What nitrogenous base is found only in RNA?

A

Uracil (U)

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9
Q

What are the complimentary base pairings in DNA?

A

A-T with 2 H bonds

G-C with 3 H bonds

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10
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

Because of specific base pairing, the amount of A equals the amount of T, and the amount of G equals the amount of C

%A=%T
%G=%C

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11
Q

Denaturation

A

Disrupting the Hydrogen Bonding and base pairing of double stranded DNA to make it two single strands.

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12
Q

Reannealing

A

Denatured, single stranded DNA can be brought back together if the denaturing condition is slowly removed. Cooling for example.

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13
Q

Hetermochromatin

A

Small percentage of chromatin that reamins compacted during the S phase of interphase and DNA replication

Dark colored under microscope

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14
Q

Euchromatin

A

The dispersed chromatin. Contains genetically active DNA. Light colored under microscope

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15
Q

Telomere

A

a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosome

Usually TTAGGG

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16
Q

Centromere’s

A

Region of DNA found in the center of a chromosome

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17
Q

Chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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18
Q

Helicase

A

The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA, generating two single stranded template strands ahead of the polymerase

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19
Q

Supercoiling

A

A wrapping of DNA on itself as its helical structure is pushed ever furtehr toward the telomeres during replication.

20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Respnosible for reading the DNA template, or parental strand, and synthesizing the new daugher strand. DNA polymerase reads the template strand in a 3’ to 5’ direction and synthesizes the new complementary strand in a 5’ to 3’ direction

21
Q

Leading strand

A

In the replication fork, it is the strand that is copied in a continuous fashion in the same direction as the advancing replication fork.

22
Q

Lagging strand

A

Strand that is copied in a direction opposite the direction of the replication fork. DNA polymerase can’t read this strand.

DNA polymerase would produce Okazaki fragments if it tried to

23
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carries the information specifying the amino acid sequence of the protein to the ribosome. mRNA is transcribed from template DNA strands by RNA polymerase.

24
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Respnosible for converting the language of nucelic acids to the language of amino acids and peptides.

25
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Synthesized in the ncleolus and functions as an intergral part of the ribosomal machinery used during protein assembly

26
Q

Codon

A

A 3 letter gene sequence that is translated into an amino acid.

27
Q

Anticodon

A

A part of the tRNA. This sequence allows the tRNA to pair with the codon in the mRNA.

28
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

Methionine

29
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA

UGA

UAG

30
Q

Wobble position

A

Since most amino acids are encoded by multiple codons, the first two bases are usually the same and the third is usually variable. We refer to this 3rd variable base as the wobble position

31
Q

What are the typical mutations in the wobble position?

A

Sildent or degenerate

This means there is no effect on the expression of the amino acid and therefore no adverse effects on the sequence

32
Q

Missense mutation

A

A mutation where one amino acid substitues for another

33
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A mutation where the codon now encodes for a premature stop codon. Also known as truncation mutation

34
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

When some number of nucleotides are added to or deleted from the mRNA sequence. Insertion or deletion of nucleotides will shift the reading frame and result in a change or a premature truncation

35
Q

TATA box

A

A TATA box is a DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. It is a type of promoter sequence, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins. Transcription is a process that produces an RNA molecule from a DNA sequence.

36
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

Located in the nucleolus and synthesizes rRNA

37
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

Located in the nucleus and synthesizes hnRNA (pre processed mRNA) and some smaller, nuclear RNA.

RNA Polymerase II is the main player in transcribing mRNA

38
Q

Intron

A

Non coding sequence, removed from the transcript

39
Q

Exon

A

Ligate coding sequence

Exits as part of mRNA

40
Q

How does splicing occur?

A

Through a spliceosome. The molecules in the spliceosome recognize the sites of introns and take them out.

41
Q

5’ cap

A

At the 5’ end of the hnRNA there is a cap added. It protects the mRNA from degradation in the cytoplasm.

42
Q

3’ Poly-A Tail

A

a polyadenosyl tail is added to the 3’ end of the mRNA transcript and protects the message against rapid degradation.

43
Q

What are the three major posttranscriptional modifications that turn hnRNA to mRNA

A

intron/exon splicing

5’ cap

3’ poly-A tail

44
Q

What are the other names for the coding strand?

A

Sense Strand

Non-template strand

45
Q

What are the other names for the template strand?

A

Non coding strand

Anticoding strand

Anti sense strand

Transcribed strand

Self Biology (14 decks)

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