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Self Biology > Cell Stuff > Flashcards

Cell Stuff Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process by which cells engulf extracellular material

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2
Q

What organelle is associated with the translation of proteins

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

4 tenets of cell theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells 2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells 4. Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA. DNA is passed from parent to daughter cell
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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores genetic information and is the site of transcription

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Involved in ATP production and apoptosis. Powerhouse of cell!

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down cellular waste products and molecules ingested through endocystosis

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7
Q

Rough ER

A

Synthesizes proteins destined for secretion. Contains ribosomes

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages, modifies, and distributes cellular products

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10
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breaks down long FA chains, synthesizes lipids, and contributes to Pentose Phosphate pathway

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11
Q

Difference between centrioles and flagella

A

Centrioles consists of 9 triplets of microtubules around a hollow center, while flagella consists of 9 doublets on the outside with 2 microtubules on the inside

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12
Q

3 Overarching domains of life?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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13
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

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14
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria that use fermentation or some other form of metabolism that doesn’t require oxygen

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15
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Anaerobes that cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment

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16
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can toggle between metabolic processes and use oxygen if present or be anaerobic if no oxygen is present

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17
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobies

A

Unable to use oxygen for metabolism but are not harmed by it’s presence in the environment.

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18
Q

Bacterial recombination Transformation

A

The acquisition of exogenous genetic material that can be integrated into the bacterial genome.

19
Q

Bacterial recombination Conjugation

A

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge. Plasmid can be transferred F+ to F- cells or portion of genome can be transferred from Hfr cell to recipient

20
Q

Bacterial recombination Transduction

A

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

21
Q

Lag phase of growth

A

Bacteria get used to environment and experience a little growth

22
Q

Exponential phase of bacterial growth

A

Bacteria use available resources to multiply at an exponential rate

23
Q

Stationary phase of bacterial growth

A

Bacterial multiplication slows as resources are used up

24
Q

Death phase of bacterial growth

A

Bacteria die as resources become insufficient to support the colony

25
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2 and M G1, S and G2 are interphase and M is Mitosis

26
Q

G0 phase

A

The cell is simply living and carrying out its functions, without any preperation for division

27
Q

G1 stage

A

Cells create organelles for energy and protein production, while also increasing their size.

28
Q

S phase

A

The cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies. After replication, each chromosome consists of 2 identical chromatids bound by the centromere

29
Q

G2 stage

A

Quality control checkpoint

The DNA has been duplicated so the cell checks to ensure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for the 2 daughter cells

The cell also checks for errors in the daughter cells

30
Q

M stage

A

Mitosis!

Consists of mitosis and cytokinesis

31
Q

Function of p53 protein

A

The protein that causes the DNA to go into arrest at the restriction point if there is damage to the DNA.

It also plays a role in the G2/M checkpoint

32
Q

Mitosis

A

Process by which 2 identica daughter cells are created from a single cell

Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Occurs in somatic cells, or cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction.

33
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and the spindle forms as the centriole pairs are at opposite poles of the cell

34
Q

Metaphase

A

Centriole pairs still at opposite ends, kinetochore fibers interact and align at the metaphase plate. The chromoses align at the plate equidistant from the 2 poles

35
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere, allowing the sister chromatids to seperate. Sister chromatids are pulled toward the opposite poles of cell by the shortening fibers

36
Q

Telophase

A

Essentially reverse prophase. Spindle dissapears and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosoems. Nucleoli reappear.

Each new nuclei receives complete copy of genome identical to the first

37
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Occurs at end of telophase. The seperation of cytoplasm and organelles, giving each daughter cell enough material to survive on its own.

38
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

Checks for cell size and DNA replication

39
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

Checks for chromosome spindle attachment

40
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Checks for nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage

41
Q

What happens in Meiosis and with what type of cells does it occur?

A

Meiosis occurs in gametocytes (germ cells) and resuls in up to 4 nonidentical sex cells (gametes).

42
Q

Meisosis I

A

Results in homologous chromosomes being seperated, generating haploid daughter cells

Known as reductional division

43
Q

Meiosis II

A

Similar to mitosis in that it results in seperation of sister chromatids without a change in ploidy

44
Q

How are metaphase I from Meiosis and Metaphase from Mitosis different?

A

In meiosis homologous chromosomes are lined up across from eachother at the metaphase plate and are held by one spindle fiber

Self Biology (14 decks)

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