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Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the process of making copies of genetic information, converting information in DNA into RNA, and then RNA into proteins.

A

Central Dogma

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2
Q

MCQ:

Making copies of genetic information

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

A. Replication

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3
Q

MCQ:

Conversion of mRNA into a protein; protein synthesis

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

D. Translation

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4
Q

MCQ:

Conversion of DNA to RNA

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

B. Transcription

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5
Q

MCQ:

Conversion of RNA to DNA

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

C. Reverse Transcription

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6
Q

Introns are removed and exons are joined together at the end of transcription to form the final mRNA product via a process called?

A

RNA splicing

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7
Q

The non-coding regions of eukaryotic genes.

A

Introns

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8
Q

The coding regions of eukaryotic genes

A

Exons

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9
Q

What is the smallest hereditary unit; the smallest form of genetic information passed from parent to offspring?

A

Gene

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10
Q

These are highly repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences; longer satellites provide structural stability to chromosomes.

A

Satellites

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11
Q

These are shorter repeats and are used to monitor mutations implicated in diseases, such as cancer.

A

Mini-satellites and microsatellites

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12
Q

The strand running from 3’ to 5’ towards the fork is called

A

Leading strand

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13
Q

The strand running from 5’ to 3’ towards the fork is called

A

Lagging strand

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14
Q

DNA strands of the parent DNA become the template for the daughter strands that occur in?

A

Semi-conservative

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15
Q

A chromosome can have multiple origins and it begins at the?

A

Origin of replication

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16
Q

The assembly of proteins that facilitate DNA replication is called

A

Replisome

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17
Q

It is where replication actively occurs.

A

Replication fork

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18
Q

Instead of one long strand of new DNA, the polymerase makes use of several primers to make fragments of the new DNA, called

A

Okazaki Fragments

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19
Q

True or False

In the leading strand, which runs from 3’ to 5’, replication is NON-CONTINUOUS

A

FALSE - CONTINUOUS

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20
Q

True or False

DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strand by adding nucleotides at the free 3’-hydroxyl group, and therefore the NEW STRAND GROWS FROM 5’ to 3’.

A

True

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21
Q

It joins the Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand.

A

DNA ligase

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22
Q

Keeps DNA polymerase in place

A

Clamp protein

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23
Q

‘UNZIP’ the double-stranded DNA; breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

A

Helicase

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24
Q

It synthesizes primers

A

Primase

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25
It synthesizes the new DNA strand
DNA polymerase
26
It prevents DNA from supercoiling by introducing breaks to the DNA to relieve stress.
DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase
27
This stabilizes/protects the single-stranded region of the DNA during replication.
Single-stranded Binding Proteins (SSB)
28
Replication Summary FIRST: Opening of DNA Superstructure.
Acetylation of histone lysine residues weakens binding to DNA, making DNA available for interaction with enzymes.
29
Replication Summary SECOND: DNA Relaxation.
DNA tends to supercoil as replication proceeds (think of splitting yarn, where the more it is split, the tighter the unsplit portion becomes); DNA gyrase prevents this.
30
Replication Summary THIRD: DNA Unwinding.
Via helicase
31
Replication Summary FOURTH: Primer Synthesis.
Via primase
32
Replication Summary FIFTH: DNA Elongation.
Via DNA polymerase
33
Replication Summary SIXTH: DNA Ligation.
Primers are removed, Okazaki fragments and any breaks in the DNA are joined together via DNA ligase.
34
It involves the replacement of an incorrect of damaged base with the correct nucleotides.
Base Excision Repair (BER)
35
It involves the replacement of a stretch of bases with the correct nucleotides.
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)
36
What is the first step in gene expression, which occurs in the nucleus (eukaryotes)?
Transcription
37
Before transcription, DNA must first be unwound by
Binding protein
38
It attaches to the unwound DNA to break the H-bonds between base pairs.
Helicase
39
It is the opening in the double helix where transcription takes place.
Transcription bubble
40
DNA strand that is transcribed; also called (-) strand or antisense strand.
Template strand
41
DNA strand that is NOT transcribed; also called (+) strand or sense strand.
Coding strand
42
The enzyme that is responsible for RNA synthesis.
RNA polymerase (RNA pol)
43
True or False Genes have coding (exons) and non-coding (introns) regions, and these make up the STRUCTURAL GENE.
True
44
True or False Genes also have the promoter and terminator regions, which make up the REGULATORY REGIONS of the gene.
True
45
True or False The REGULATORY REGION is where the RNA polymerase initially binds and is found in several nucleotides upstream.
FALSE - PROMOTER REGION
46
True or False RNA pols cannot recognize the promoter region on their own, and require the help of a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR.
True
47
It means BEFORE the beginning of the transcription site.
Upstream
48
It means AFTER the beginning of the transcription site
Downstream
49
True or False The INITIATION SIGNAL gives RNA pol the signal when to start.
True
50
True or False The consensus sequence identifies the precise nucleotide at which transcription should begin, e.g. the TATA box.
True
51
Fill in the blanks: ____ is a string of nucleotides at the end of a gene that signals RNA pol to transcription.
Terminal region
52
Fill in the blanks: ____ is the process of adding the appropriate complementary nucleotide as RNA pol moves downstream along the gene.
Elongation
53
True or False RNA pol reads the DNA template from 3’ to 5’, and therefore synthesizes RNA from 5’ to 3’.
True
54
MCQ: It is the general term used to refer to the product of transcription. A. Transcript B. pre-mRNA C. mature mRNA D. None of the above
A. Transcript
55
MCQ: Pre-mRNA undergoes additional reactions before it can be considered a fully functional mRNA called the A. Transcript B. pre-mRNA C. mature mRNA D. None of the above
C. mature mRNA
56
MCQ: For mRNA, the initial transcript still contains all the introns and untranscribed regions and is referred to A. Transcript B. pre-mRNA C. mature mRNA D. None of the above
B. pre-mRNA
57
MCQ: It protects the mRNA from exonucleases; aids in mRNA transport to the cytosol; allows for the initiation of translation. A. 5’ capping B. 3’ polyadenylation C. RNA splicing D. None of the above
A. 5’ capping
58
MCQ: It protects the mRNA from exonucleases A. 5’ capping B. 3’ polyadenylation C. RNA splicing D. None of the above
B. 3’ polyadenylation
59
MCQ: Leaves behind the exons that contain the code for the amino acids in a protein. A. 5’ capping B. 3’ polyadenylation C. RNA splicing D. None of the above
C. RNA splicing
60
What are the THREE sites of Ribosomes?
⮚ A site – “attachment site” for tRNAs ⮚ P site – polypeptide formation site ⮚ E site – “exit site” for tRNAs
61
The base sequence in mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in protein synthesis.
Genetic code
62
A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid called?
Codon
63
How many total codons are there?
64
64
Stop codons
UAG, UGA, UAA
65
Start codon
AUG
66
Multiple codons per amino acid called?
Degeneracy
67
Complementary pairs of codons called?
Anticodon
68
MCQ: Ribosome detects start codon, Met tRNA attaches to P site. A. tRNA activation B. Initiation C. Elongation D. Termination
B. Initiation
69
MCQ: “LOADED” with their corresponding amino acids. A. tRNA activation B. Initiation C. Elongation D. Termination
A. tRNA activation
70
MCQ: - Bond between 1st and 2nd amino acid forms - The first tRNA goes to the E site and exits ribosome - At the same time, a new charged tRNA goes to the A site - Cycle repeats until a stop codon is encountered A. tRNA activation B. Initiation C. Elongation D. Termination
C. Elongation
71
MCQ: Ribosome detects stop codon. The Release Factor binds to the A site, opening the ribosome and releasing the newly synthesized polypeptide. A. tRNA activation B. Initiation C. Elongation D. Termination
D. Termination

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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