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Biochemistry > Central Dogma > Flashcards

Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the process of making copies of genetic information, converting information in DNA into RNA, and then RNA into proteins.

A

Central Dogma

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2
Q

MCQ:

Making copies of genetic information

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

A. Replication

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3
Q

MCQ:

Conversion of mRNA into a protein; protein synthesis

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

D. Translation

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4
Q

MCQ:

Conversion of DNA to RNA

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

B. Transcription

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5
Q

MCQ:

Conversion of RNA to DNA

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. Reverse Transcription
D. Translation

A

C. Reverse Transcription

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6
Q

Introns are removed and exons are joined together at the end of transcription to form the final mRNA product via a process called?

A

RNA splicing

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7
Q

The non-coding regions of eukaryotic genes.

A

Introns

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8
Q

The coding regions of eukaryotic genes

A

Exons

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9
Q

What is the smallest hereditary unit; the smallest form of genetic information passed from parent to offspring?

A

Gene

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10
Q

These are highly repetitive, non-coding DNA sequences; longer satellites provide structural stability to chromosomes.

A

Satellites

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11
Q

These are shorter repeats and are used to monitor mutations implicated in diseases, such as cancer.

A

Mini-satellites and microsatellites

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12
Q

The strand running from 3’ to 5’ towards the fork is called

A

Leading strand

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13
Q

The strand running from 5’ to 3’ towards the fork is called

A

Lagging strand

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14
Q

DNA strands of the parent DNA become the template for the daughter strands that occur in?

A

Semi-conservative

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15
Q

A chromosome can have multiple origins and it begins at the?

A

Origin of replication

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16
Q

The assembly of proteins that facilitate DNA replication is called

A

Replisome

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17
Q

It is where replication actively occurs.

A

Replication fork

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18
Q

Instead of one long strand of new DNA, the polymerase makes use of several primers to make fragments of the new DNA, called

A

Okazaki Fragments

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19
Q

True or False

In the leading strand, which runs from 3’ to 5’, replication is NON-CONTINUOUS

A

FALSE - CONTINUOUS

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20
Q

True or False

DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strand by adding nucleotides at the free 3’-hydroxyl group, and therefore the NEW STRAND GROWS FROM 5’ to 3’.

A

True

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21
Q

It joins the Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand.

A

DNA ligase

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22
Q

Keeps DNA polymerase in place

A

Clamp protein

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23
Q

‘UNZIP’ the double-stranded DNA; breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

A

Helicase

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24
Q

It synthesizes primers

A

Primase

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25
Q

It synthesizes the new DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

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26
Q

It prevents DNA from supercoiling by introducing breaks to the DNA to relieve stress.

A

DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase

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27
Q

This stabilizes/protects the single-stranded region of
the DNA during replication.

A

Single-stranded Binding Proteins (SSB)

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28
Q

Replication Summary

FIRST: Opening of DNA Superstructure.

A

Acetylation of histone lysine residues weakens binding to DNA, making DNA available for interaction with enzymes.

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29
Q

Replication Summary

SECOND: DNA Relaxation.

A

DNA tends to supercoil as replication proceeds (think of splitting yarn, where the more it is split, the tighter the unsplit portion becomes); DNA gyrase prevents this.

30
Q

Replication Summary

THIRD: DNA Unwinding.

A

Via helicase

31
Q

Replication Summary

FOURTH: Primer Synthesis.

A

Via primase

32
Q

Replication Summary

FIFTH: DNA Elongation.

A

Via DNA polymerase

33
Q

Replication Summary

SIXTH: DNA Ligation.

A

Primers are removed, Okazaki fragments and any
breaks in the DNA are joined together via DNA ligase.

34
Q

It involves the replacement of an incorrect of damaged base with the correct nucleotides.

A

Base Excision Repair (BER)

35
Q

It involves the replacement of a stretch of bases with the correct nucleotides.

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

36
Q

What is the first step in gene expression, which occurs in the nucleus (eukaryotes)?

A

Transcription

37
Q

Before transcription, DNA must first be unwound by

A

Binding protein

38
Q

It attaches to the unwound DNA to break the H-bonds between base pairs.

A

Helicase

39
Q

It is the opening in the double helix where
transcription takes place.

A

Transcription bubble

40
Q

DNA strand that is transcribed; also called (-) strand or antisense strand.

A

Template strand

41
Q

DNA strand that is NOT transcribed; also called (+) strand or sense strand.

A

Coding strand

42
Q

The enzyme that is responsible for RNA synthesis.

A

RNA polymerase (RNA pol)

43
Q

True or False

Genes have coding (exons) and non-coding (introns) regions, and these make up the STRUCTURAL GENE.

A

True

44
Q

True or False

Genes also have the promoter and terminator regions, which make up the REGULATORY REGIONS of the gene.

A

True

45
Q

True or False

The REGULATORY REGION is where the RNA polymerase initially binds and is found in several nucleotides upstream.

A

FALSE - PROMOTER REGION

46
Q

True or False

RNA pols cannot recognize the promoter region on their own, and require the help of a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR.

A

True

47
Q

It means BEFORE the beginning of the transcription site.

A

Upstream

48
Q

It means AFTER the beginning of the transcription site

A

Downstream

49
Q

True or False

The INITIATION SIGNAL gives RNA pol the signal when to start.

A

True

50
Q

True or False

The consensus sequence identifies the precise nucleotide at which transcription should begin, e.g. the TATA box.

A

True

51
Q

Fill in the blanks:

____ is a string of nucleotides at the end of a gene that signals RNA pol to transcription.

A

Terminal region

52
Q

Fill in the blanks:

____ is the process of adding the appropriate complementary nucleotide as RNA pol moves downstream along the gene.

A

Elongation

53
Q

True or False

RNA pol reads the DNA template from 3’ to 5’, and therefore synthesizes RNA from 5’ to 3’.

A

True

54
Q

MCQ:

It is the general term used to refer to the product of
transcription.

A. Transcript
B. pre-mRNA
C. mature mRNA
D. None of the above

A

A. Transcript

55
Q

MCQ:

Pre-mRNA undergoes additional reactions before it can be considered a fully functional mRNA called the

A. Transcript
B. pre-mRNA
C. mature mRNA
D. None of the above

A

C. mature mRNA

56
Q

MCQ:

For mRNA, the initial transcript still contains all the introns and untranscribed regions and is referred to

A. Transcript
B. pre-mRNA
C. mature mRNA
D. None of the above

A

B. pre-mRNA

57
Q

MCQ:

It protects the mRNA from exonucleases; aids in mRNA transport to the cytosol; allows for the initiation of translation.

A. 5’ capping
B. 3’ polyadenylation
C. RNA splicing
D. None of the above

A

A. 5’ capping

58
Q

MCQ:

It protects the mRNA from exonucleases

A. 5’ capping
B. 3’ polyadenylation
C. RNA splicing
D. None of the above

A

B. 3’ polyadenylation

59
Q

MCQ:

Leaves behind the exons that contain the code for the amino acids in a protein.

A. 5’ capping
B. 3’ polyadenylation
C. RNA splicing
D. None of the above

A

C. RNA splicing

60
Q

What are the THREE sites of Ribosomes?

A

⮚ A site – “attachment site” for tRNAs
⮚ P site – polypeptide formation site
⮚ E site – “exit site” for tRNAs

61
Q

The base sequence in mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in protein synthesis.

A

Genetic code

62
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid called?

A

Codon

63
Q

How many total codons are there?

A

64

64
Q

Stop codons

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

65
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

66
Q

Multiple codons per amino acid called?

A

Degeneracy

67
Q

Complementary pairs of codons called?

A

Anticodon

68
Q

MCQ:

Ribosome detects start codon, Met tRNA attaches to P site.

A. tRNA activation
B. Initiation
C. Elongation
D. Termination

A

B. Initiation

69
Q

MCQ:

“LOADED” with their corresponding amino acids.

A. tRNA activation
B. Initiation
C. Elongation
D. Termination

A

A. tRNA activation

70
Q

MCQ:

  • Bond between 1st and 2nd amino acid forms
  • The first tRNA goes to the E site and exits ribosome
  • At the same time, a new charged tRNA goes to the A site
  • Cycle repeats until a stop codon is encountered

A. tRNA activation
B. Initiation
C. Elongation
D. Termination

A

C. Elongation

71
Q

MCQ:

Ribosome detects stop codon. The Release Factor binds to the A site, opening the ribosome and releasing the newly synthesized polypeptide.

A. tRNA activation
B. Initiation
C. Elongation
D. Termination

A

D. Termination

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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