Carbohydrates Flashcards by Carlmichael Reyes

It is the MOST ABUNDANT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

⮚ Act as storehouses of chemical energy.
⮚ Supportive components in plants.
⮚ Essential components of nucleic acids
⮚ “HYDRATE OF CARBON”

Carbohydrates

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Hydrate of Carbon are?

Glyceraldehyde
Dihydroxyacetone

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What are the FOUR TYPES of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide

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Carbohydrates that CANNOT BE HYDROLYZED to a simpler compound.

Monosaccharide

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What is the FORMULA of Carbohydrates?

CH2O

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Images that CONCIDE AT ALL POINTS when the images are laid upon each other.

Superimposable Mirror Images

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Images where NOT ALL POINTS coincide when the images are laid upon each other.

Nonsuperimposable Mirror Images

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A PERSON’S LEFT and RIGHT HANDS that upon each other are what chirality?

Nonsuperimposable Mirror Images

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NONSUPERIMPOSABLE on its mirror image

Chiral

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SUPERIMPOSABLE on its mirror image.

Achiral

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If a MOLECULE (or OBJECT) has a MIRROR PLANE or an INVERTION CENTER.

Achiral

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Chiral or Achiral?

⮚ Brandy snifter achiral

Achiral

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Chiral or Achiral?

⮚ Baseball glove chiral

Chiral

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Chiral or Achiral?

Cis-1,3-dimethyl cyclopentane mirror plane

Achiral

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Chiral or Achiral?

Trans-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane

Chiral

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An ASYMMETRIC CENTER is an atom that
is bonded to?

Four different groups

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Organic molecules, especially MONOSACCHARIDES may contain
more than?

One chiral center

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A TWO-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTATION for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters should be?

A. Horizontal lines represent bonds
projecting forward from the
stereocenter.
B. Vertical lines represent bonds
projecting to the rear.
C. Only the stereo center is in the
plane.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

D. All of the above

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The -OH on its penultimate carbon is on
the RIGHT in a FISCHER PROJECTION.

D-monosaccharide

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The -OH on its penultimate carbon is on the LEFT in a FISCHER PROJECTION.

L-monosaccharide

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In WHAT YEAR does Emil Fischer MAKE the arbitrary assignments of D- and L- to the enantiomers of glyceraldehyde?

A. 1891
B. 1890
C. 1889
D. 1887

A. 1891

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It contains an -NH2 group in place of an -OH group.

Amino sugars

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What are the THREE AMINO SUGARS that are common in nature?

A. Mannosamine, Galactosamine, Glucosamine.
B. Monosaccharide, Polysaccharide, Disaccharide
C. Lactose, Galactose, Glucose
D. Xylose, Lyxose, Idose

A. Mannosamine, Galactosamine, Glucosamine.

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What are the PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of Monosaccharides?

A. Odorless, Insoluble, Insoluble to water
B. Colorless, Crystalline Solid, Water Soluble, Slightly soluble to Ethanol, and Insoluble to non-polar solvents such as diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and benzene.
C. Crystalline Solid, Insoluble, Polar solvent such as acetone, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide
D. Insoluble, Colorless

B. Colorless, Crystalline Solid, Water Soluble, Slightly Soluble to Ethanol, and Insoluble to non-polar solvents such as diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and benzene.

ALDEHYDES and KETONES react with alcohol to form?

Hemiacetal

A FIVE or SIX-membered cyclic hemiacetal is represented as a planar ring.

Haworth Projection

The NEW CARBON STEREOCENTER created in forming the cyclic structure is called the?

Anomeric Carbon

Stereoisomers that DIFFER in configuration only at the anomeric carbon are called

Anomers

True or False; Statement 1: In b configuration, BOTH of these group point in the SAME DIRECTION. Statement 2: In a configuration, the two groups are in OPPOSITE DIRECTION. A. Statement 1 is true while Statement 2 is false B. Statement 1 is false while Statement 2 is true C. All the Statements are true D. All the Statements are false

C. All the Statements are true

Cyclic monosaccharide containing a SIX-ATOM RING.

Pyranose

Cyclic monosaccharide containing a FIVE-ATOM RING.

Furanose

It is the MOST ABUNDANT in nature, in 6-MEMBERED CYCLING FORM, and IMPORTANT IN HUMAN NUTRITION. Other names: ⮚ Grape sugar ⮚ Blood sugar ⮚ Dextrose

Glucose

Used to differentiate between blood types. It also has a 6-MEMBERED CYCLING FORM and is called "Milk Sugar" and "Brain Sugar."

Galactose

Sweetest tasting of all sugars, high dietary sugar due to sweetness, have 5-MEMBERED CYCLIC FORM. ⮚ Ketohexose

Fructose

Part of a variety of complex molecules which include: ⮚ RNA ⮚ ATP ⮚ DNA It has a 5-membered cycling form

Ribose

What are the two contain sugar of Disaccharides?

Two monosaccharides

Structurally made of 2 D-GLUCOSE UNITS, one of which must be α-D GLUCOSE, linked via an α(1🡪 4) GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE and can be easily digested by humans.

Maltose

Made up of a β-D-GALACTOSE unit and a D-GLUCOSE UNIT joined by a β(1🡪 4) GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE and LACTASE HYDROLYZES β(1🡪 4) glycosidic linkages.

Lactose

The MOST ABUNDANT OF ALL DISSACHARIDES and FOUNDS in PLANTS. Also known as the “Table sugar”.

Sucrose

Contains 2 D-GLUCOSE MONOSACCHARIDES UNIT, one of which must have a β CONFIGURATION, linked through a β(1🡪 4) GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE.

Cellobiose

Carbohydrates that contain 3-10 MONOSACCHARIDES UNIT bonded to each other via glycosidic linkages. It is COMMONLY FOUND in ONIONS, CABBAGE, BROCOLLI, and WHOLE WHEAT. It can also DISTUNGUISH BLOOD TYPES.

Oligosaccharides

Blood type composed of what? A. Galactose B. Fucose C. N-Acetyl-Glucosamine D. N-Acetyl-Galactosamine E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Polymers of MANY MONOSACCHARIDES units bonded with glycosidic linkages, limited water solubility, and DO NOT show POSITIVE TESTS with TOLLEN'S and BENEDICT'S SOLUTIONS.

Polysaccharides

There are TWO TYPES of Starch, what are those?

Amylopectin and Amylose

Amylose is?

unbranched; α (1->4) glycosidic bond.

Amylopectin is?

branched; α (1->4) and α (1->6)

It is a STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES in HUMANS and ANIMALS and it CONTAINS ONLY GLUCOSE UNITS.

Glycogen

LINEAR HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE with β(1🡪 4) glycosidic bond and humans do not have enzymes that hydrolyze β(1🡪 4) linkage.

Cellulose

LINEAR POLYMER with all β(1🡪 4) glycosidic linkages. It has an N-ACETYL AMINO DERIVATIVE of GLUCOSE.

Chitin

Alternating residues of N-ACETYL-β D-GLUCOSAMINE and D GLUCURONATE. HIGHLY VISCOUS and SERVE AS LUBRICANT in the FLUID OF JOINTS as well as vitreous humor of the eye.

Hyaluronic acid

Blood anticoagulant or Acidic polysaccharide.

Heparin

Aldoses in THREE CARBONS.

D-Glyceraldehyde

Aldoses in FOUR CARBONS.

D-Erythrose D-Theorose

Aldoses in FIVE CARBONS.

D-Ribose D-Xylose D-Arabinose D-Lyxose

Aldoses in SIX CARBONS.

D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose

Ketoses in THREE CARBONS.

Dihydroxyacetone

Ketoses in FOUR CARBONS.

D-Erythrulose

Ketoses in FIVE CARBONS.

D-Ribulose D-Xylulose

Ketoses in SIX CARBONS.

D-Psicose D-Fructose D-Surbose D-Tagatose