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Materials > Cement > Flashcards

Cement Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between hydraulic and non-hydraulic cements?

A

Hydraulic cemented set when mixed with water

Non-hydraulic cements harden using CO2

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2
Q

Portland cement is which type of cement?

A

Hydraulic

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3
Q

Describe the production of Portland cement

A

~75% limestone or chalk
+
~25% clay or shale

Heat to ~1450C°

Forms clinker(silicates & aluminates)

Grind to powder

Add ~4% gypsum

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4
Q

Why is sea water not good for concrete production?

A

Seawater contains high chloride concentration, which induces steel corrosion

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5
Q

Lime is produced by heating []
CaCO3 > caO + CO2

A

Calcium carbonate

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6
Q

Quicklime is mixed with [] to form []
CaO+H2O > Ca(OH)2

A

Water to form Portlandite

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7
Q

Slaked lime harden by reacting with []
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 > CaCO3 + H2O

A

CO2

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8
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Portland

A

Hydraulic

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9
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Calcium aluminate

A

Hydraulic

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10
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Pozzolanic

A

Hydraulic

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11
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Hydrophobic

A

Hydraulic

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12
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Natural

A

Hydraulic

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13
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Expanding

A

Hydraulic

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14
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Lime cements

A

Non-hydraulic

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15
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Gypsum

A

Non-hydraulic

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16
Q

Hydraulic or non-hydraulic?

Cements and plasters

A

Non-hydraulic

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17
Q

5600BC

A

Yugoslavian huts made of lime (caO)

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18
Q

Yugoslavian huts made of caO/lime

A

5600BC

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19
Q

2500BC

A

Great pyramids of Giza limestone CaCO3

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20
Q

Great pyramids of Giza limestone CaCO3

A

2500BC

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21
Q

500BC

A

Lime and sand used for weak mortars in Greece

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22
Q

Lime and sand used for weak mortars in Greece

A

500BC

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23
Q

300BC-500AD

A

Romans mistook pozollan for sand, made better concretes with lime and ash

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24
Q

Romans mistook pozollan for sand, made better concretes with lime and ash

A

300BC-500AD

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25
500-1756
Weak, slow setting cements used
26
Weak, slow setting cements used
500-1756
27
1759
Eddystone lighthouse is built using hydraulic lime
28
Eddystone lighthouse is built using hydraulic lime
1759
29
1824
“Portland cement” made from limestone + fine clay heated to 1200°C
30
“Portland cement” made from limestone + fine clay heated to 1200°C
1824
31
Present day
Improved formation of calcium silicates, mainly belite (C2S) and also alite (C3S) Increased formation of alite as standard in PC clinker
32
Improved formation of calcium silicates, mainly belite (C2S) and also alite (C3S) Increased formation of alite as standard in PC clinker
Present day
33
What are the main calcium silicates and calcium aluminates found in cement clinker?
Alite C3S brown (ass-lite, brown shit) Belite C2S (beta-two) blue Aluminate C3A grey Ferrite C4AF white
34
What does SCM stand for?
Supplementary cementitious material
35
What are SCMs?
Anything that is added to cement that is non-clinkered (at the end of production)
36
Name some SCMs
Gypsum (main one) Coal fly ash Granulated blast furnace slag Gypsies throwing coal at slags
37
In the rotary kiln, what is the dominant phase in the beginning?
Limestone
38
In the rotary kiln, what is the dominant phase in the middle?
Lime and belite
39
In the rotary kiln, what is the dominant phase in the end?
Alite
40
Concrete and belite continue to [] up to [] after hardening is done
React up to 180 days
41
Hydration products are [] than clinker
Less dense
42
What does production of hydration products do to cement?
Cause volume changes, as they are less dense
43
1 unit vol Clinker = what unit vol of HP? HP = hydration products
2-4
44
PC + water gives us a
Plastic, workable paste before the initial set
45
After the initial set we get a
Stiff,workable paste
46
After the final set we have a
Rigid solid, strengthens over time
47
What happens in day one of setting
Massive loss of fluidity, delayed increase of hydration product making and strength
48
What is the purpose of gypsum?
Added to PC to delay initial loss of fluidity
49
What happens after day 1 through to 1 year of setting?
Hydration product numbers increase slowly along with strength
50
Cement is available in:
Ready mix- poured on site Precast (OSM) Retail - bagged for various uses
51
What is a capillary pore?
Space not filled by hydration products
52
What is the diameter of a typical capillary pore?
0.5-10 micrometers
53
What is special about capillary pores?
They directly influence strength and durability of the concrete They determine transport properties in paste
54
Clay is in [], when it gets [] it expands
Clay is in layers When it gets wet it expands
55
C-S-H is the same as clay with how it can []
Expand
56
C-S-H sheets have
High porosity Large surface area
57
SCMs are [] reactive than [] with water
Less reactive than clinker
58
How can SCM reactivity be increased?
By making a more alkaline cement solution in what is called alkali activation
59
What are the pros of alkali-activated materials?
Faster setting and strength development Heat resistant Better thermal expansions
60
What are the cons of alkali-activated materials?
Prone to shrinking + cracking Activator expensive + environ impacts Steel corrosion chemistry differs High pH solutions are a safety concern

Materials (13 decks)

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