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Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does NADH and FADH2 release and what do they do?

A

Release high energy electrons which cascade down the chain releasing energy

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2
Q

What is the energy produced from NADH and FADH2 used for?

A

Used to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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3
Q

What does the return flow of H ions do?

A

Drives ATP synthase and produces the bulk of ATP

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4
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

What does the final electron acceptor combine with and what does this form?

A

Oxygen combines with hydrogen ions and electrons to form water

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6
Q

How many molecules of ATP does the ETC produce?

A

34 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

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7
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

An enzyme which generates ATP from H+ ions moving from the outside of the membrane back into the matrix of the mitochondria

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8
Q

What does the flow of H+ ions cause part of ATP synthase to do?

A

Causes part of ATP synthase to rotate (kinetic energy) which catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi

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9
Q

What does each NADH + FADH2 molecule produce?

A

3ATP

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10
Q

What are starch and and glycogen?

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

What are starch and glycogen made up of?

A

Chains of glucose molecules

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12
Q

What can starch and glycogen be broken down into?

A

Can be broken down into glucose and used as a respiratory substrate

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13
Q

What do fats contain twice as much as than protein and carbohydrates?

A

Energy

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14
Q

What can fats be broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

What is glycerol converted to? Why?

A

Glycolytic intermediate for use in glycolysis

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16
Q

What are fatty acids converted to? What then happens?

A

Acetyl co-enzyme A which then enters the Citric Acid Cycle

17
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Amino acids

18
Q

What happens to excess amino acids?

A

Can be lost in urea or used as a respiratory substrate by conversion into Pyruvate, Acetyl co-enzyme A or citric acid cycle intermediates

19
Q

Why are proteins the last food group to be broken down?

A

Important for growth and repair of tissues, e.g muscles

20
Q

What can glycolysis be slowed down by?

A

Feedback inhibition

21
Q

What happens when the cell acquires more ATP than it needs?

A

Inhibits phosphofructokinase

22
Q

What happens when ATP is low again during feedback inhibition?

A

The enzyme works as normal, speeding up glycolysis

23
Q

When does inhibition occur?

A

When there is a high concentrate of citrate

24
Q

What happens when levels of citrate drop during feedback inhibition?

A

The enzyme is no longer inhibited, speeding up rate of glycolysis

25
Q

Why is feedback inhibition important?

A

It prevents the build up of an intermediate which is not needed
ATP is only produced when required and therefore resources are conserved

26
Q

What are the three stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

27
Q

What is the speed of contraction for a slow twitch?

A

Slow

28
Q

What is the speed of contraction for a fast twitch?

A

Fast

29
Q

What is the length of time sustained for a slow twitch?

A

Long

30
Q

What is the length of time sustained for a fast twitch?

A

Short

31
Q

What is the speed at which fibre becomes fatigued for slow twitch?

A

Slow

32
Q

What is the speed at which fibre becomes fatigued for fast twitch?

A

Fast

33
Q

What respiratory pathways are normally used to generate ATP for slow twitch?

A

Glycolysis and aerobic

34
Q

What is the respiratory pathway normally used to generate ATP for the fast twitch

A

Glycolysis only

35
Q

What is the number of mitochondria present in slow twitch?

A

Large

36
Q

What is the number of mitochondria present for fast twitch?

A

Small

37
Q

What do muscle cells contain?

A

An oxygen storing protein called myoglobin

38
Q

Why does myoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin?

A

So that it can store and transport oxygen from the blood to be used by the muscle cells

Biology (19 decks)

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