Cellular Respiration Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following best describes cellular respiration?
A. Gas exchange between the alveoli and blood
B. Gas exchange between the cells and the blood
C. The breakup of glucose to form energy
D. Endergonic reaction
E. Reductive process
A
The breakup of glucose to form energy
2
Q
Which of the following is the universal energy source for cells?
A. NADH
B. FADH2
C. ATP
D. Glucose
E. Sunlight
A
ATP
3
Q
Which of the following is the correct chemical equation for cellular respiration?
A. C6H12O6 + 5O2 → 5CO2 + 5H20 + energy
B. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 3H20 + energy
C. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
D. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy → 6CO2 + 6H20
E. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 3O
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
4
Q
Which of the following most likely is true concerning the Gibbs free energy of cellular respiration?
A. ∆H must be positive
B. ∆H must be negative
C. ∆S must be positive
D. ∆S must be negative
E. ∆H-T∆S has a negative value
A
E. ∆H-T∆S has a negative value
5
Q
The following characteristics are true concerning cellular respiration EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Aerobic
B. Dehydrogenation occurs
C. Entropy increasing
D. Endergonic
E. Oxidative
A
. Endergonic
6
Q
Which of the following terms correctly defines NAD+?
A. High energy molecule
B. Coenzyme
C. Enzyme
D. Fatty acid
E. Carbohydrate
A
B. Coenzyme
7
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of an exergonic reaction?
A. The reactants have less free energy than the products.
B. The reactants have more free energy than the products.
C. There is a greater number of product molecules than reactant molecules.
D. There is a greater number of reactant molecules than product molecules.
E. The term exergonic is synonymous with the term exothermic.
A
The reactants have more free energy than the products
8
Q
Which of the following describes a catabolic process?
A. Energy requiring
B. Endergonic
C. Thermodynamically unfavorable
D. Break down of molecules
E. Synthesis of molecules
A
Break down of molecules
9
Q
Anabolism is a(n)__________.
A. Energy requiring process
B. Process of breaking down molecules
C. Exergonic reaction
D. Oxidative reaction
E. Process used in glycolysis
A
A. Energy requiring process
10
Q
Cellular respiration is a(n) __________.
A. Reductive process
B. Oxidative process
C. Anabolic process
D. Endergonic process
E. Rare biological process
A
B. Oxidative process
11
Q
Cellular respiration needs to occur in the presence of __________.
A. Bicarbonate
B. Chloride
C. Water
D. Oxygen
E. Sunlight
A
D. Oxygen
12
Q
Which of the following occurs during cellular respiration to remove protons from carbon-based molecules?
A. Oxidative deamination
B. Beta oxidation
C. Dehydrogenation
D. Lactic acid fermentation
E. Ethanol fermentation
A
Dehydrogenation
13
Q
Which of the following are the reactants of cellular respiration?
A. Glucose and oxygen gas
B. Glucose and carbon dioxide
C. Glucose and sunlight
D. Glucose and water
E. Carbon dioxide and water
A
A. Glucose and oxygen gas
14
Q
Which of the following are the products of cellular respiration?
A. Carbon dioxide, glucose, and ATP
B. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
C. Oxygen gas, water, and ATP
D. Oxygen gas, glucose, and NADPH
E. Oxygen gas, water, and FADH
A
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
15
Q
Which of the following steps acts as a regulator for the rate of glycolysis?
A. Hexokinase phosphorylation
B. Phosphofructokinase phosphorylation
C. Oxygen levels
D. Acetyl CoA formation
E. Carbon dioxide formation
A
Phosphofructokinase phosphorylation
16
Q
Where does eukaryotic glycolysis occur?
A. Cytoplasm
B. Inner mitochondrial matrix
C. Outer mitochondrial matrix
D. Mitochondrial cristae
E. Cell membrane
A
Cytoplasm
17
Q
Which of the following is the final product of glycolysis?
A. NADH
B. Acetyl-CoA
C. Lactic acid
D. Pyruvate
E. Ethanol
A
. Pyruvate
18
Q
The following steps make up cellular respiration EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Glycolysis
B. Pyruvate decarboxylation
C. Carbon fixation
D. Electron transport chain
E. Krebs cycle
A
Carbon fixation
19
Q
In order, list the steps of cellular respiration __________.
A. Krebs cycle, pyruvate decarboxylation, electron transport chain, and glycolysis
B. Pyruvate decarboxylation, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
C. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, pyruvate decarboxylation
D. Glycolysis, electron transport chain, pyruvate decarboxylation, and Krebs cycle
E. Glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
A
E. Glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
20
Q
Which of the following lists the correct products of glycolysis?
A. 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 1 pyruvate
B. 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
C. 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
D. 2 FADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
E. 3 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
A
2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
21
Q
Which of the following is true concerning the phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis?
A. Glycogen is formed as a byproduct
B. FAD is reduced to FADH2
C. Glucose becomes trapped inside the cell
D. An acetyl group is added to glucose
E. Cell membrane becomes positively charged
A
Glucose becomes trapped inside the cell
22
Q
The first enzyme to work on glucose in glycolysis is __________.
A. G3P Dehydrogenase
B. Hexokinase
C. Phosphofructokinase
D. Phosphoglucoisomerase
E. Aldolase
A
Hexokinase
23
Q
Correctly list the number of ATP molecules invested and the number of ATP molecules produced in eukaryotic glycolysis.
A. 2,2
B. 2,4
C. 4,2
D. 2,6
E. 3,3
A
B. 2,4
24
Q
In which locations can NADH be produced during eukaryotic cellular respiration?
A. The cytosol
B. The mitochondrial matrix
C. The mitochondrial intermembrane space
D. The inner mitochondrial membrane
E. The cytosol and mitochondrial matrix
A
The cytosol and mitochondrial matrix
25
Which of the following occurs in glycolysis?
A. Glucose is turned into GTP
B. Glucose is turned into ATP
C. Glucose is turned into pyruvate
D. Pyruvate is turned into glucose
E. Pyruvate is turned into ATP
Glucose is turned into pyruvate
26
How much net ATP is formed in glycolysis?
A. 1 ATP
B. 2 ATP
C. 3 ATP
D. 4 ATP
E. 10 ATP
B. 2 ATP
27
How is ATP formed in glycolysis?
A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Substrate level phosphorylation
C. Aerobic metabolism
D. Protein phosphorylation
E. Photosynthesis
B. Substrate level phosphorylation
28
Which of the following aids in the initial phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis?
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. PDC enzyme
E. Oxaloacetate
A. Hexokinase
29
The rate of glycolysis is uncontrolled and unable to be managed. Which of the following enzymes is most likely malfunctioning?
A. Chymotrypsin
B. Amylase
C. Lipase
D. Phosphofructokinase
E. Nuclease
D. Phosphofructokinase
30
Which of the following is the correct function of phosphofructokinase in cellular respiration?
A. Adds the first phosphate to glucose
B. Adds the second phosphate to glucose
C. Adds the third phosphate to glucose
D. Removes the phosphate groups from glucose
E. Transforms glucose into acetyl CoA
Adds the second phosphate to glucose
31
Which of the following is the most stable molecule?
A. Adenosine tetraphosphate
B. Adenosine triphosphate
C. Adenosine diphosphate
D. Guanosine triphosphate
E. Guanosine tetraphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate
32
Which of the following best describes glycolysis?
A. Conversion of glucose into acetyl CoA
B. Conversion of glucose into pyruvate
C. Conversion of pyruvate into glucose
D. Conversion of glucose into glycogen
E. Aerobic process
B. Conversion of glucose into pyruvate
33
Which of the following adds the second phosphate to glucose?
A. Phosphofructokinase
B. Hexokinase
C. ATP synthase
D. NADH2
E. FADH2
Phosphofructokinase
34
After glucose is phosphorylated for the second time during glycolysis, it becomes __________.
A. Citrate
B. Cytochrome C
C. Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
D. Acetyl CoA
E. Oxaloacetate
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate
35
Which of the following is the correct amount produced from one glucose molecule?
A. 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH and 1CO2
B. 1 acetyl CoA, 3 NADH, and 2CO2
C. 2 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 2CO2
D. 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2CO2
E. 3 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 2CO2
D. 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2CO2
36
Which of the following is the correct equation that demonstrates the decarboxylation of pyruvate?
A. Pyruvate + NADH → Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NAD+
B. Pyruvate + NAD+ → Acetyl CoA + O2 + NADH
C. Pyruvate + NAD+ → Acetyl CoA + H2O + NADH
D. Pyruvate + NAD+ → Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH
E. Pyruvate + NADPH → Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADP+
Pyruvate + NAD+ → Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH
37
Which step of cellular respiration transforms pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
A. Glycolysis
B. Beta oxidation
C. Pyruvate decarboxylation
D. Kreb cycle
E. Citric acid cycle
C. Pyruvate decarboxylation
38
Which process is most similar to pyruvate decarboxylation?
A. Oxidative deamination
B. Glycolysis
C. Beta oxidation
D. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
E. Electron transport chain
Beta oxidation
39
Which processes produce NADH?
A. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
B. Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, electron transport chain
C. Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle
D. Glycolysis and electron transport chain
E. Pyruvate oxidation and electron transport chain
C. Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle
40
Where does pyruvate decarboxylation take place?
A. Cytoplasm
B. Cell membrane
C. Mitochondrial matrix
D. Mitochondrial cristae
E. Mitochondrial inner membrane space
C. Mitochondrial matrix
41
During pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvate forms into __________.
A. Glucose
B. ATP
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Malate
E. Citrate
Acetyl CoA
42
Which product of pyruvate decarboxylation is used in the Krebs Cycle?
A. Citrate
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Glucose
E. NADPH
C. Acetyl CoA
43
In prokaryotes, where does the Krebs cycle take place?
A. Mitochondrial inner membrane space
B. Cell membrane
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondrial matrix
E. Cytosol
E. Cytosol
44
Which of the following does acetyl-CoA combine with to form citrate?
A. Glucose
B. Pyruvate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Malate
E. Carbon dioxide
Oxaloacetate
45
How many intermediates are present in the Krebs Cycle?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 8
E. 10
8
46
Which of the following lists the correct products from each pyruvate molecule in the citric acid cycle?
A. 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 CO2
B. 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 CO2
C. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2
D. 2 NADH, 2 FADH, 1 GTP, 1 CO2
E. 4 NADH, 1 FADH, 3 GTP, 2 CO2
C. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2
47
How is GTP produced in the Krebs Cycle?
A. Substrate level phosphorylation
B. Aerobic metabolism
C. Protein phosphorylation
D. Photosynthesis
E. Oxidative phosphorylation
A. Substrate level phosphorylation
48
Which of the following is the net production in the Krebs Cycle after two pyruvates are introduced?
A. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, and 3 CO2
B. 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2
C. 4 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, and 4 CO2
D. 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, and 4 CO2
E. 7 NADH, 2 FADH2, 3 GTP, and 4 CO2
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, and 4 CO2
49
All of the following are produced in the Krebs Cycle EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. ATP
B. CO2
C. FADH2
D. NADH
E. NADPH
NADPH
50
Which of the following processes produce FADH2?
A. Glycolysis
B. Pyruvate oxidation
C. Krebs cycle
D. Electron transport chain
E. Lactic acid fermentation
C. Krebs cycle
51
Where does the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotes?
A. Mitochondrial matrix
B. Mitochondrial intermembrane space
C. Cytosol
D. Inner mitochondrial membrane
E. Cell membrane
A. Mitochondrial matrix
52
In the Krebs cycle, how many NADH are produced per one molecule of pyruvate?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
E. Five
C. Three
53
What is the main function of oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration?
A. To harness exergonic reactions to produce ATP
B. To convert glucose into pyruvate
C. To remove waste products from the cell
D. To transport oxygen and nutrients into the cell
E. To convert ATP back to ADP
To harness exergonic reactions to produce ATP
54
Which of the following is the product of the first step of the citric acid cycle?
A. Glucose
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Citrate
E. GTP
Citrate
55
Which of the following is regenerated at the end of the Krebs Cycle?
A. Pyruvate
B. Acetyl CoA
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Citrate
E. Fatty acids
Oxaloacetate
56
In the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are generated by one molecule of pyruvate?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
E. Six
B. Two
57
In the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of GTP are produced per one molecule of glucose?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
E. Six
B. Two
58
In the Krebs cycle, how many FADH2 are produced per one molecule of pyruvate?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
E. Five
One
59
Which of the following is produced from one pyruvate during pyruvate oxidation?
A. 1 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, and 2 CO2
B. 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 1 CO2
C. 2 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 1 glucose
D. 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 1 FADH
E. 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 2 CO2
B. 1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, and 1 CO2 [
60
Which enzyme catalyzes pyruvate decarboxylation?
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
D. Maltase dehydrogenase
E. ATP synthase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
61
Coenzyme Q and cytochrome C are __________.
A. Electron carriers in the Krebs cycle
B. Electron carriers in the electron transport chain
C. Electron carriers in the cytosol
D. Electron carriers in glycolysis
E. Protein carriers in lactic acid fermentation
Electron carriers in the electron transport chain
62
Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the electron transport chain?
A. Water formation
B. Oxygen formation
C. Electrochemical gradient formation to power ATP synthase
D. Provide electrolytes to the circulatory system
E. Form ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation
Electrochemical gradient formation to power ATP synthase
63
The ATP synthase of the eukaryotic transport chain is powered by the flow of __________.
A. Electrons
B. Protons
C. Oxygen gas
D. Phosphate
E. ADP
B. Protons
64
ATP is a __________.
A. RNA nucleotide
B. DNA nucleotide
C. Protein
D. Virus
E. Microbe
RNA nucleotide
65
The oxidation of which Krebs Cycle products form the hydrogen ions that are used in chemiosmosis?
A. NADH and H2O
B. FADH and O2
C. NADH and FADH2
D. ATP and NADH
E. ATP and GTP
NADH and FADH2
66
The electrical charge gradient caused by the chemical gradient in cellular respiration is converted into which of the following by ATP synthase?
A. Potential energy
B. Kinetic energy
C. Thermal energy
D. Electrical energy
E. Chemical energy
B. Kinetic energy
67
Which of the following most likely has a lower pH at the onset of chemiosmosis?
A. Intermembrane space
B. Mitochondrial matrix
C. Cristae
D. Cytosol
E. Cytoplasm
. Intermembrane space
68
Which of the following most likely has a higher pH at the onset of chemiosmosis?
A. Cytosol
B. Cytoplasm
C. Inner mitochondrial membrane
D. Intermembrane space
E. Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial matrix
69
How do hydrogen ions flow in chemiosmosis?
A. Mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space
B. Mitochondrial matrix to cristae
C. Intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
D. Intermembrane space to cytosol
E. Mitochondrial matrix to cell wall
Intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix
70
Which of the following best describes why ATP is an unstable molecule?
A. Has a deoxyribose sugar
B. Lacks one oxygen atom
C. Has three negatively charged phosphate groups
D. Inability to hydrolyze
E. Protein derived
Has three negatively charged phosphate groups
71
Which of the following describes an exergonic reaction?
A. Dehydration reaction
B. Photosynthesis
C. Formation of ADP molecule
D. Formation of ATP molecule
E. Formation of GTP molecule
Formation of ADP molecule
72
Which of the following best describes how ATP provides energy to cells?
A. Attaches to the cytoplasm of cells
B. Transfers phosphate group to other molecules
C. Removes phosphate group from other molecules
D. Donates oxygen from ribose sugars to other molecules
E. Acts as an enzyme to reactants
Transfers phosphate group to other molecules
73
Which of the following steps in cellular respiration produces the largest amount of ATP?
A. Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. Chemiosmosis
D. Krebs cycle
E. Substrate level phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
74
Where is the eukaryotic electron transport chain located?
A. Mitochondrial matrix
B. Mitochondrial intermembrane space
C. Outer mitochondrial membrane
D. Inner mitochondrial membrane
E. Plasma membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
75
Which of the following best describes ATP?
A. Triplet of linked lipid molecules
B. Peptide attached to three nucleotides
C. Carbohydrate of three sugar molecules
D. Nucleotide that contains three phosphate molecules
E. Amino acid with a high energy R-group
Nucleotide that contains three phosphate molecules
76
Which of the following is true concerning ATP?
A. ATP hydrolysis is endergonic
B. ATP hydrolysis is nonspontaneous
C. ATP hydrolysis is positive Gibbs energy
D. ATP hydrolysis is exergonic
E. ATP hydrolysis is energy requiring
ATP hydrolysis is exergonic
77
Which of the following pumps the protons into the intermembrane space in the electron transport chain?
A. Complex I, II, III
B. Complex I, III, IV
C. Complex II, III, IV
D. Complex I, IV
Complex I, III, IV
78
Which of the following is the location of water formation in the electron transport chain?
A. Cytochrome C
B. Complex I
C. Complex II
D. Complex III
E. Complex IV
Complex IV
79
ADP + P converts back to ATP via __________.
A. Complex I of the ETC
B. Complex II of the ETC
C. Complex III of the ETC
D. Complex IV of the ETC
E. ATP Synthase
ATP Synthase
80
How do the cristae of the mitochondria aid the electron transport chain?
A. Introduces oxygen to the electron transport chain
B. Secretes NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain
C. Increases surface area for increased respiration
D. Produces hydrogen ions for the hydrogen gradient
E. Performs beta-oxidation
Increases surface area for increased respiration
81
Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
A. O2
B. H2O
C. H+
D. H2
E. NAD+
A. O2 [
82
Where is the location of the prokaryotic electron transport chain?
A. Mitochondrial matrix
B. Mitochondrial intermembrane space
C. Outer mitochondrial membrane
D. Inner mitochondrial membrane
E. Plasma membrane
E. Plasma membrane
83
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
A. Glycolysis
B. Lactic acid fermentation
C. Pyruvate decarboxylation
D. Krebs cycle
E. Electron transport chain
E. Electron transport chain
84
Which of the following occurs in oxidative phosphorylation?
A. ATP → ADP
B. ADP → ATP
C. NADH → NADPH
D. NAD+ + H+ → NADH
E. O2 → CO2
ADP → ATP
85
Where is energy created in the electron transport chain?
A. K+ gradient
B. H+ gradient
C. Na+ gradient
D. Phosphate groups
E. Sunlight
H+ gradient
86
Which of the following catalyzes the conversion of ADP into ATP in the electron transport chain?
A. Hexokinase
B. ATP synthase
C. Phosphofructokinase
D. PDC enzyme
E. Citrate
ATP synthase
87
Why are more hydrogen ions pumped across for NADH compared to FADH2?
A. NADH is not a coenzyme
B. FADH2 is not a coenzyme
C. Oxygen prefers NADH
D. NADH enters the ETC earlier than FADH2
E. FADH2 produces more energy
NADH enters the ETC earlier than FADH2
88
Which of the following is the relative ratio of NADH to FADH2’s ATP production?
A. 3:2
B. 2:3
C. 1:2
D. 1:1
E. 2:1
A. 3:2
NADH makes more energy than FADH2, and more H+ ions per NADH are pumped across mitochondrial inner membrane than per FADH2. The relative ratio of NADH to FADH2’s ATP production is 3:2.
89
Which of the following is produced with the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?
A. Hydrogen
B. Potassium
C. Pyruvate
D. Water
E. Carbon dioxide
D. Water
90
Which molecule donates electrons to the electron transport chain on a lower energy level?
A. ATP
B. NADPH
C. NADH
D. FADH2
E. H2O
. FADH2
91
In electron transport, hydrogen ions flow from the __________.
A. Mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol
B. Mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
C. Mitochondrial outer membrane to the mitochondrial inner membrane
D. Cytosol to the intermembrane space
E. Cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
92
Which of the following carries electrons from complex I to complex III in the electron transport chain?
A. P680
B. P700
C. Coenzyme Q
D. Cytochrome C
E. ATP synthase
Coenzyme Q
93
Which of the following transports electrons from complex III to complex IV in the electron transport chain?
A. Coenzyme Q
B. Cytochrome C
C. Chloroplast
D. ATP Synthase
E. Hexokinase
Cytochrome C
94
Cytochrome C can be used for all the following purposes EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Protein carrier
B. Electron donor and acceptor
C. Cell apoptosis
D. Species identification
E. Non-Heme iron protein
E. Non-Heme iron protein
95
Which of the following distinguishes prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy production?
A. Eukaryotes make more ATP
B. Only prokaryotes have mitochondria
C. Eukaryotes need to transfer two NADH
D. Cristae in prokaryotic mitochondria have less surface area
E. More H+ ions are present in the matrix of prokaryotic mitochondria
Eukaryotes need to transfer two NADH
96
Which of the following is true concerning the electron transport chain?
A. It involves a series of redox reactions along the inner mitochondrial membrane
B. It involves a series of redox reactions along the outer mitochondrial membrane
C. ATP hydrolysis is the driving force
D. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
E. The electron transport chain exists only in eukaryotes
A. It involves a series of redox reactions along the inner mitochondrial membrane
97
Where is coenzyme Q of the electron transport chain located?
A. Freely floating in the mitochondrial matrix
B. Freely floating in the cytosol
C. Freely floating in the mitochondrial membrane space
D. Embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane
E. Embedded in the mitochondria outer membrane
Embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane
98
Which of the following is true concerning coenzyme Q?
A. Involved in anaerobic respiration
B. Lipid-based
C. Can be both oxidized and reduced
D. Used directly in the Krebs cycle
E. Freely floating in the mitochondria
Can be both oxidized and reduced
99
Each of the following statements concerning cellular respiration is true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Prokaryotes perform cellular respiration in the cytosol
B. Eukaryotes perform cellular respiration in the mitochondria
C. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes always produces 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
D. Cellular respiration is the conversion of glucose into sugar energy in the form of ATP
E. Oxygen is the last electron acceptor for the electron transport chain
Cellular respiration in eukaryotes always produces 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
100
In the eukaryotic electron transport chain, NADH hands-off electrons to __________.
A. Complex I
B. Complex II
C. Complex III
D. Complex IV
E. Cytochrome C
A. Complex I
101
In the eukaryotic electron transport chain, FADH2 deposits its electrons to __________.
A. Complex I
B. Complex II
C. Complex III
D. Complex IV
E. Coenzyme Q
Complex II
102
Which of the following is considered to be anaerobic respiration?
A. Fermentation and electron transport chain
B. Fermentation and beta-oxidation
C. Glycolysis and fermentation
D. Glycolysis and electron transport chain
E. Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis and fermentation
103
Which of the following is a crucial aspect for the continuation of glycolysis and developed during aerobic respiration with the help of oxygen gas?
A. NADH
B. NAD+
C. NADPH
D. FADH2
E. GTP
NAD+
104
An animal cell is unable to convert NADH into NAD+ for glycolysis, which of the following will occur?
A. Glycolysis will still proceed
B. Krebs cycle will create NAD+
C. Electron transport chain will replenish the NAD+
D. Lack of ATP will kill the cell
E. Beta oxidation will occur
Lack of ATP will kill the cell
105
Which of the following regenerates NAD+ without the presence of oxygen?
A. Fermentation
B. Glycolysis
C. Krebs cycle
D. Electron transport chain
E. Chemiosmosis
Fermentation
106
Which of the following is true concerning alcohol fermentation?
A. Occurs in human myofibrils
B. Occurs in yeast
C. Produces lactate
D. Produces NADH
E. Produces FADH2
Occurs in yeast
107
Which of the following most likely can perform alcohol fermentation?
A. Fungi
B. Yogurt bacteria
C. Human muscle cells
D. Obligate anaerobes
E. Lactobacillus bacteria
Fungi
108
Which of the following is an intermediate in alcohol fermentation?
A. GTP
B. Glucose
C. Acetaldehyde
D. Ethanol
E. FAD
Acetaldehyde
109
Which of the following correctly lists the steps of alcohol fermentation?
A. Pyruvate → acetaldehyde + CO2 + NAD+ → ethanol + NADH
B. Pyruvate → acetyl - CoA + CO2 + NADH → ethanol + NADH
C. Pyruvate → acetaldehyde + CO2 + NADH → ethanol + NAD+
D. Glucose → acetaldehyde + NADH → lactate + NAD+
E. Glucose → GTP + NADH → O2 + NAD+
Pyruvate → acetaldehyde + CO2 + NADH → ethanol + NAD+
110
In alcohol fermentation, which of the following is the final electron acceptor?
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Acetaldehyde
D. Ethanol
E. Pyruvate
Acetaldehyde
111
The final electron acceptors of alcohol fermentation and cellular respiration respectively form which of the following?
A. Ethanol and carbon dioxide
B. Ethanol and water
C. Lactate and water
D. Ethanol
E. Water
Ethanol and water
112
Which of the following is most likely occurring to human muscle cells during physically difficult and rapid exercises?
A. Alcohol fermentation
B. Lactic acid fermentation
C. Aerobic respiration
D. Use of alternative energy sources
E. Beta oxidation
Lactic acid fermentation
113
Which of the following is the correct product of lactic acid fermentation?
A. Ethanol
B. Pyruvate
C. NADH
D. Lactate
E. Oxygen
Lactate
114
Both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation use which of the following as a reactant?
A. Acetaldehyde
B. NAD+
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. Ethanol
E. Pyruvate
E. Pyruvate
115
Which of the following correctly lists the steps of lactic acid fermentation?
A. Lactate + NADH → pyruvate + NAD+
B. Pyruvate + NADH → lactate + NAD+
C. Pyruvate + NAD+ → lactate + NADH
D. Glucose + NADH → lactate + NAD+
E. Ethanol + pyruvate → lactate + NADH
Pyruvate + NADH → lactate + NAD+
116
Which organ is lactate from lactic acid fermentation transferred to?
A. Stomach
B. Kidney
C. Liver
D. Lungs
E. Heart
Liver
117
Which of the following later occurs to the lactate created from lactic acid fermentation in the presence of excess ATP?
A. Converted to glucose
B. Converted to oxygen
C. Converted to ethanol
D. Converted to NADH
E. Converted to proteins
A. Converted to glucose
118
Which of the following best describes when fermentation occurs?
A. In absence of oxygen
B. In absence of carbon dioxide
C. In absence of ATP
D. In absence of GTP
E. In need of ethanol
In absence of oxygen
119
Which of the following best describes facultative anaerobes?
A. Uses fermentation more efficiently
B. Uses anaerobic respiration more efficiently
C. Cannot live without oxygen
D. Uses oxygen but switches to anaerobic respiration if needed
E. Uses oxygen exclusively
Uses oxygen but switches to anaerobic respiration if needed
120
Which of the following is true concerning obligate anaerobes?
A. Can live without metabolism
B. Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
C. Intermittent use of aerobic respiration
D. Use of fermentation when needed
E. Use of anaerobic respiration when needed
Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
121
An organism that can use fermentation, but not as efficiently as aerobic respiration as an energy source. This organism is most likely a(n) __________.
A. Facultative anaerobe
B. Obligate anaerobe
C. Eukaryote
D. Prokaryote
E. Plant
A. Facultative anaerobe
122
An organism immediately dies when placed in a closed container with oxygen. This organism is a(n) __________.
A. Facultative anaerobe
B. Obligate anaerobe
C. Eukaryote
D. Prokaryote
E. Parasite
Obligate anaerobe
123
Which step in cellular respiration is crucial for both fermentation and cellular respiration?
A. Glycolysis
B. Pyruvate decarboxylation
C. Krebs Cycle
D. Electron transport chain
E. Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
124
The purpose of fermentation is to regenerate __________.
A. NADH
B. NADPH
C. NAD+
D. ADP
E. ATP
NAD+
125
Which of the following are the products of yeast fermentation?
A. ATP, CO2, NAD+, ethanol
B. ATP, CO2, NAD+, ethanoic acid
C. ATP, CO2, NADH, ethanol
D. ATP CO2, NAD+, lactate
E. ATP, CO2, NADH, lactate
A. ATP, CO2, NAD+, ethanol
126
Which of the following best describes the processes that occur in both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation?
A. The reduction of NAD+ to NADH
B. The oxidation of NADH to NAD+
C. The reduction of FAD to FADH2
D. The oxidation of FADH2 to FAD
E. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP
The oxidation of NADH to NAD+
127
Which molecule gets reduced in lactic acid fermentation?
A. Lactate
B. Pyruvate
C. NADH
D. NAD+
E. H+
B. Pyruvate
128
Which of the following aids in NAD+ regeneration for aerobic respiration?
A. CO2
B. O2
C. H+
D. FADH2
E. ATP
B. O2
129
Fungi experience ___________.
A. Lactic acid fermentation
B. Alcohol fermentation
C. Oxidative deamination
D. Mitochondrial cellular respiration
E. Exclusively anaerobic respiration
Alcohol fermentation
130
Which of the following is anaerobic respiration?
A. Krebs Cycle
B. Electron Transport Chain
C. Fermentation
D. Beta oxidation
E. Photosynthesis
C. Fermentation
131
A scientist biopsies muscle regions A, B, and C. Muscle A just performed strenuous exercise, muscle B has been at rest, and muscle C has been used for low-impact exercise. Which muscle would most likely have the highest lactate levels?
A. Muscle A
B. Muscle B
C. Muscle C
D. Each would have the same lactate levels
A. Muscle A
132
Which of the following is true concerning unsaturated fatty acids?
A. Requires fewer enzymes during beta-oxidation
B. Has no double bonds
C. Unable to produce any FADH2
D. Produces 1 less FADH2 for every double bond present
E. Produces exact amount of product as saturated fatty acids during beta-oxidation
Produces 1 less FADH2 for every double bond present
133
In between meals, healthy humans store lipids of plasma as __________.
A. White adipose tissue
B. Brown adipose tissue
C. Lipoproteins
D. Chylomicrons
E. Triglycerides
Lipoproteins
134
Which of the following describes larger lipoproteins?
A. Adipose tissue
B. Triglycerides
C. Fatty acids
D. Cholesterols
E. Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons
135
Each of the following is used as a plasma lipid storage EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Lipoproteins
B. LDL
C. HDL
D. Chylomicrons
E. Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
136
Which of the following are the two types of lipoproteins in plasma?
A. White and brown lipoproteins
B. Chylomicrons and LDL lipoproteins
C. Chylomicrons and HDL lipoproteins
D. LDL and HDL lipoproteins
E. White and brown adipose tissue
LDL and HDL lipoproteins
137
Which of the following differentiates LDL and HDL lipoproteins?
A. LDL carries cholesterol to the liver
B. HDL carries cholesterol to the bloodstream
C. HDL is considered to be “bad” cholesterol
D. LDL has a low protein density
E. HDL has a low protein density
D. LDL has a low protein density
138
Which of the following is the most unfavorable energy source?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Glycerol
C. Glucose
D. Fatty acids
E. Proteins
E. Proteins
139
Which organ deaminates the amino acids that enter the human body?
A. Kidney
B. Stomach
C. Liver
D. Small intestine
E. Pancreas
C. Liver
140
In humans, proteins can be converted into all the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Pyruvate
B. Acetyl CoA
C. Krebs cycle intermediates
D. Uric acid
E. Ammonia
Uric acid
141
Which of the following is used to separate ammonia from amino acid molecules in humans?
A. Beta oxidation
B. Cellular respiration
C. Oxidative deamination
D. Krebs cycle
E. Electron transport chain
Oxidative deamination
142
Which of the following is true concerning ammonia?
A. Insects convert ammonia into urea
B. Sharks convert ammonia into uric acid
C. Aquatic organisms can excrete it directly
D. Mammals convert ammonia into uric acid
E. Reptiles cannot excrete uric acid
Aquatic organisms can excrete it directly
143
Which of the following releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during oxidation?
A. Sugars
B. Triglycerides
C. Protein
D. Glucose
E. Water
. Triglycerides
144
Beta oxidation __________
A. Anabolizes glucose
B. Anabolizes glycogen
C. Catabolizes proteins
D. Catabolizes fatty acids
E. Catabolizes glucose
Catabolizes fatty acids
145
Malfunctioning of this organ will affect blood glucose homeostasis in the human body.
A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Liver
D. Large intestine
E. Kidney
C. Liver
146
Which of the following can release large amounts of glucose into the bloodstream?
A. Cerebellum
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Stomach
E. Pancreas
B. Liver
147
Which term describes the catabolism of glycogen into glucose?
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenesis
D. Glycogenolysis
E. Beta oxidation
Glycogenolysis
148
Which of the following is the correct order of energy sources the body uses from beginning to last?
A. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats
B. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
C. Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
D. Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
E. Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
The body uses energy from various sources to meet its energy needs. The order in which it uses these sources depends on the availability and intensity of the activity being performed. During high-intensity activities, the body primarily relies on carbohydrates for energy. Carbohydrates are stored in the body in the form of glycogen and are readily available for use as energy.
When glycogen stores become depleted, the body begins to use fats as an energy source. Fats are stored in the body as triglycerides and can be broken down into smaller molecules called fatty acids to be used for energy.
Finally, during low-intensity or prolonged activities, the body begins to use proteins as an energy source. Proteins can be broken down into their component amino acids and used to produce energy.
149
Which of the following is the first energy source used by the body?
A. Fats
B. Proteins
C. Nucleic acids
D. Lactate
E. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
150
Which of the following is the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrates in the liver and kidneys?
A. Fermentation
B. Glycogenesis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Glycogenolysis
E. Glycolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
151
Which of the following is stored after hefty meals by humans?
A. Insulin
B. Glycogen
C. Glucagon
D. Glucose
E. Pyruvate
B. Glycogen
152
Which of the following aids in storing glucose as glycogen?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Lactate
D. Hexokinase
E. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
A. Insulin
153
Which of the following occurs if blood glucose is low?
A. Insulin stores glucose
B. Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown
C. Lactic acid fermentation
D. Islets of Langerhans secrete somatostatin
E. PFK activation
Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown
154
Which of the following breaks down glycogen?
A. Glucagon
B. G cells
C. Parietal cells
D. Insulin
E. Calcitonin
A. Glucagon
155
Which enzyme can be manipulated by both insulin and glucagon?
A. Topoisomerase
B. Salivary amylase
C. Trypsinogen
D. Primase
E. Phosphofructokinase
Phosphofructokinase
156
Which of the following is true of insulin?
A. Breaks down glycogen
B. Inhibits the Krebs Cycle
C. Activates phosphofructokinase
D. Inhibits photosynthesis
E. Inhibits beta cells
C. Activates phosphofructokinase
157
Which of the following occurs in response to low glucose levels?
A. Insulin inhibits PFK enzymes
B. Glucagon activates PFK enzymes
C. Glycolysis is inhibited
D. Glycolysis is triggered
E. ATP synthase is hyperactive
C. Glycolysis is inhibited
In response to low glucose levels, glycolysis is inhibited through the action of enzymes called hexokinases and glucokinases, which catalyze the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in glycolysis. When glucose levels are low, these enzymes become inhibited, preventing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, and thereby halting glycolysis.
158
The PFK enzyme that is influenced by both insulin and glucagon is used in __________.
A. Lactic acid fermentation
B. Ethanol fermentation
C. Glycolysis
D. Krebs cycle
E. Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
159
Which of the following occurs to disaccharides when the human body uses alternative carbohydrate energy sources?
A. Dehydrated into polysaccharides
B. Dehydrated into monosaccharides
C. Hydrolyzed into monosaccharides
D. Hydrolyzed into polysaccharides
E. Forms into proteins
C. Hydrolyzed into monosaccharides
160
Which of the following stores glycogen in large amounts?
A. Epithelial cells and liver cells
B. Kidney and liver cells
C. Skeletal muscle and liver cells
D. Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
E. Skeletal muscle and bone cells
C. Skeletal muscle and liver cells
161
Which of the following stores more energy than carbohydrates?
A. Fats
B. DNA
C. RNA
D. Protein
E. Lactate
A. Fats
162
Which of the following best describes why fats store more energy than carbohydrates?
A. The carbons in fat are more oxidized
B. The carbon in fat is more reduced
C. More ATP molecules in fat
D. More water molecules in fat
E. Hydrophilic
CHECK
B. The carbon in fat is more reduced
163
Which of the following is the general number of calories per gram of fat?
A. 1 calorie/gram
B. 3 calories/gram
C. 4 calories/gram
D. 9 calories/gram
E. 15 calories/gram
D. 9 calories/gram
164
Both carbohydrates and proteins are roughly __________.
A. 1 calorie/gram
B. 4 calories/gram
C. 9 calories/gram
D. 20 calories/gram
E. 25 calories/gram
B. 4 calories/gram
165
Which of the following best describes where fats are stored?
A. Nervous tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
C. Lymphatic tissue
D. Adipose tissue
E. Muscle tissue
D. Adipose tissue [
166
Triglycerides in the small intestine are broken down into __________.
A. Amino and fatty acids
B. Carbohydrates and lipids
C. Monoglycerides and fatty acids
D. Lipocytes and fatty acids
E. Glycerol and glucagon
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
167
A long-distance runner has been running for over three hours. He is most likely using which energy source?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Ethanol fermentation
E. Anaerobic respiration
C. Lipids
168
Due to a genetic condition, a patient has higher levels of free fatty acid chains in his blood due to a deficiency in a specific transporter protein. Which of the following proteins could he be deficient in?
A. Hemoglobin
B. Insulin
C. Glucagon
D. Albumin
E. Lactase
D. Albumin
169
A patient experiences organ failure and is no longer able to produce glucose from carbon substrates. Which of the following organs is most likely malfunctioning?
A. Lungs
B. Stomach
C. Heart
D. Liver
E. Pancreas
D. Liver
170
A patient has elevated blood glucose levels, especially after large meals. Which of the following organs could be malfunctioning, resulting in her hyperglycemia?
A. Small intestine
B. Kidneys
C. Stomach
D. Pancreas
E. Liver
D. Pancreas
171
Which of the following is the correct location of beta-oxidation in prokaryotes?
A. Mitochondrial matrix
B. Mitochondrial cristae
C. Mitochondrial inner membrane space
D. Cytosol
E. Nucleoid
D. Cytosol
172
Which of the following will occur if carbohydrates and fats are no longer able to be used as energy sources?
A. Lactic acid fermentation
B. Ethanol fermentation
C. Beta oxidation
D. Oxidative deamination
E. Glycolysis
Oxidative deamination
173
Each of the following can be packaged in chylomicron EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Triglycerides
B. Cholesterol
C. Proteins
D. Glucagon
E. Phospholipids
D. Glucagon
174
Which of the following is used to break down triglycerides into monoglycerides?
A. Amylase
B. Kinases
C. Lipases
D. Proteases
E. Maltase
Lipases
175
Which of the following do fats get converted to in order to enter glycolysis in animal cellular respiration?
A. Pyruvate
B. Glucose
C. Citrate
D. PGAL
E. Acetyl CoA
D. PGAL [
176
Which of the following is a precursor to PGAL to enter the glycolytic pathway?
A. Glucagon
B. Glucose
C. Glycerol
D. Protein
E. Amino acids
C. Glycerol
177
Which of the following best describes what occurs when fatty acids form into acetyl CoA?
A. 1 carbon from the fatty acid forms an acetyl CoA
B. 2 carbons from the fatty acid form an acetyl CoA
C. 3 carbons from the fatty acid form an acetyl CoA
D. 4 carbons from the fatty acid form an acetyl CoA
E. 5 carbons from the fatty acid form an acetyl CoA
B. 2 carbons from the fatty acid form an acetyl CoA
178
Which of the following acts as a fatty acid transporter in the human circulatory system?
A. Bile
B. Albumin
C. Riboflavin
D. Vitamin B12
E. Vitamin A
Albumin
179
Which of the following best describes the function of beta-oxidation?
A. Formation of triglycerides
B. Formation of adipose tissue
C. Formation of acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle
D. Formation of PGAL for glycolysis
E. Formation of proteins for catabolic processes
Formation of acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle
180
Where does beta-oxidation occur in animal cells?
A. Cytosol
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondrial matrix
D. Mitochondrial inner membrane space
E. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrial matrix
181
How many ATP molecules need to be used to trigger the activation of beta-oxidation?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 9
E. 17
B. 2
182
A patient is unable to use protein as an energy source. Which organ could possibly be malfunctioning?
A. Heart
B. Lung
C. Liver
D. Pancreas
E. Kidneys
C. Liver [
183
In humans, which of the following organs converts ammonia to urea?
A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Kidney
E. Liver
E. Liver
184
In humans, ammonia gets converted into __________.
A. Uric acid
B. Urea
C. Amino acids
D. Fatty acids
E. Glucose
B. Urea
185
Which of the following is a difference between beta-oxidation and glycolysis?
A. Beta-oxidation produces pyruvate, while glycolysis produces acetyl-CoA
B. Beta-oxidation takes place in the cytoplasm, while glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria
C. Beta-oxidation generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, while glycolysis generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
D. Beta-oxidation is the process of breaking down fatty acids, while glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose
Beta-oxidation is the process of breaking down fatty acids, while glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose
186
Which of the following yields the greatest amount of ATP?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Urea
E. DNA
C. Lipids
187
Which of the following is true concerning metabolism?
A. Isolated sets of multiple reactions
B. The internetwork of multiple reactions
C. Not prevalent in prokaryotes
D. Not prevalent in eukaryotes
E. Unnecessary for cellular life
The internetwork of multiple reactions
188
In plants, cellular respiration occurs in the __________.
A. Chloroplast
B. Mitochondria
C. Stroma
D. Thylakoid
E. Lumen
Mitochondria
189
Which of the following is a difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
A. Photosynthesis is not an anabolic process
B. Photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide
C. Cellular respiration is a catabolic process
D. Cellular respiration does not occur in green plants
E. Cellular respiration produces oxygen
C. Cellular respiration is a catabolic process
190
In humans, every two carbon cuts in saturated fatty acids produce __________.
A. 1 NADPH and 1 FADH2
B. 1 NADH and 1 FADH2
C. 1 NADH and 3 FADH2
D. 2 NADH and 3 FADH2
E. 4 NADH and 5 FADH2
B. 1 NADH and 1 FADH2
191
Which of the following differentiates the product amount of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids during beta-oxidation?
A. Number of fatty acids
B. Number of double bonds
C. Length of fatty acid branch
D. The temperature of the cell
E. Location of beta-oxidation
Number of double bonds
