Cells, Organelles, & Transport Flashcards by Andrew Speciale

The basic component of the phospholipid membrane is made up of (a) __________.
A. Steroids
B. Glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains
C. Saturated triglycerides
D. Unsaturated triglycerides
E. Phosphate head and two fatty acids

Phosphate head and two fatty acids

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The phospholipid membrane is __________

Amphipathic

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The term “amphipathic” regarding the phospholipid bilayer means __________.
A. It only has a hydrophobic component
B. It only has a hydrophilic component
C. It has both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic component
D. It is made up of carotenoids
E. It is made up of waxes

It has both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic component

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Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophilic?
A. Phosphate head
B. Fatty acid tails
C. Glycerol backbone
D. Carotenoid
E. Wax

Phosphate head

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Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic?
A. Wax
B. Carotenoid
C. Lanolin
D. Phosphate head
E. Fatty acid tails

Fatty acid tails

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Which of the following most easily diffuses through the phospholipid bilayer?
A. Hydrophilic molecules
B. Hydrophobic molecules
C. Large polar molecules
D. Glucose
E. Ions

Hydrophobic molecules

The hierarchy of membrane permeability is as follows, from most to least permeable:

(MOST) Small, Hydrophobic Molecules: O2, CO2, N2, Steroid Hormones
Small, Uncharged, Polar Molecules: H2O, Urea, Glycerol, NH3
Large, Uncharged, Polar Molecules: Glucose, Sucrose
(LEAST) Ions: H+, Na+, HCO3–, K+, Ca2+, Cl–, Mg2+
Thus, we know that hydrophobic molecules will most easily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer (shown below). This is because they can pass through the non-polar, inner portion of the bilayer, whereas polar and charged molecules do not easily diffuse through this inner, nonpolar portion, as they are not very soluble in it.

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Which of the following cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?
A. Steriods
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Calcium
E. Oxygen

Calcium

The hierarchy of membrane permeability is as follows, from most to least permeable:

(MOST) Small, Hydrophobic Molecules: O2, CO2, N2, Steroid Hormones
Small, Uncharged, Polar Molecules: H2O, Urea, Glycerol, NH3
Large, Uncharged, Polar Molecules: Glucose, Sucrose
(LEAST) Ions: H+, Na+, HCO3–, K+, Ca2+, Cl–, Mg2+
Thus, we know that ions (charged molecules) are least able to passively diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer (shown below). An ion’s charge makes it highly polar and thus is unable to solvate in the non-polar, inner portion of the bilayer, making ions unable to diffuse through the membrane. To transport ions across the membrane, dedicated transmembrane protein channels are needed, such as the sodium-potassium pump or proton pump.

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Polar molecules pass through the phospholipid membrane if they are __________.
A. Large
B. Charged
C. Hydrophilic
D. Ions
E. Uncharged

Uncharged

The hierarchy of membrane permeability is as follows, from most to least permeable:

(MOST) Small, Hydrophobic Molecules: O2, CO2, N2, Steroid Hormones
Small, Uncharged, Polar Molecules: H2O, Urea, Glycerol, NH3
Large, Uncharged, Polar Molecules: Glucose, Sucrose
(LEAST) Ions: H+, Na+, HCO3–, K+, Ca2+, Cl–, Mg2+
While polar, if the molecule is both small enough and uncharged, then it still experiences some membrane permeability. The passive diffusion of small, uncharged, polar molecules is still possible, however, it is less energetically favorable than the passive diffusion of small, hydrophobic molecules. Therefore, given the same amount of time, less polar, uncharged molecules can cross a membrane (shown below) than small, non-polar molecules.

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What is the function of cholesterol in the animal cell membrane?
A. Marker for cell recognition
B. Viral defense
C. Organizes DNA
D. Contains chromatin
E. Structural support

Structural support

Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule—it has a single hydroxyl group, which interacts with the polar heads of surrounding phospholipids, and 4 hydrocarbon rings, which make up the non-polar portion. Cholesterol’s job is to alter membrane fluidity. Under normal to high temperatures, cholesterol stiffens the membrane, making it less fluid, providing structural support to the cell. If the membrane was too fluid and phospholipids moved too much, it would decrease the integrity of the membrane. At low temperatures, cholesterol increases membrane fluidity by preventing phospholipids from getting too close to each other, impairing cellular functions. Shown below is an image of the cell membrane and where cholesterol is located:

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Which of the following is used as structural support in the membrane of prokaryotes?
A. Cholesterol
B. Hopanoids
C. Glycocalyx
D. Carotenoids
E. Sterols

Hopanoids

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The glycocalyx is made up of __________.
A. Carbohydrates
B. Peptidoglycan
C. Lipopolysaccharides
D. Bacteria
E. Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates
Analyzing the word glycocalyx can help us remember what it means. The first part of the word, gylco–, should make us think “sugar,” and we know that sugar is a carbohydrate. We define the glycocalyx as a carbohydrate coat which covers the cell membrane of some animal cells and the outer face of the cell wall of some bacteria. It consists of both glycolipids and glycoproteins. In the TEM image below, the “furry” fringe around the cell are the carbohydrates protruding from their lipid or protein anchors.

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The glycocalyx is present in some __________.
A. Animal cell plasma membrane
B. Bacterial cell wall
C. Gram-positive bacterial cell wall
D. Plant cell wall
E. Animal plasma membrane and bacterial cell wall

Animal plasma membrane and bacterial cell wall

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The glycocalyx can do all the following except __________.
A. Adhere to the cell
B. Protect the cell from infection
C. Cover the plasma membrane of some animal cells
D. Act as a marker for cell-cell recognition
E. Structural support

Structural support

The glycocalyx (shown below) directly adheres to the cell because both glycolipids and glycoproteins are integrated into the membrane. It is found in both some animal and some bacterial cells. Different kinds of cells have unique sugar signatures from the glycocalyx, allowing for cell-cell recognition. The glycocalyx can also help mask adhesion points for potential cell invaders, thus preventing infection. On the other hand, especially in bacteria, the glycocalyx helps form a slime layer, which is mucus-like and sticky, promoting adhesion. Because the glycocalyx anchors to the exterior of the cell, it does not provide structural support.

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The glycocalyx is made up of __________.
A. Glycolipids and glycoproteins
B. Glycolipids and cholesterol
C. Glycolipids and ribosomes
D. Glycolipids and glycolipids
E. Glycolipids and DNA

Glycolipids and glycoproteins
The glycocalyx is the multifunctional extracellular carbohydrate coat found in both some animal and some bacterial cells. These carbohydrates anchor to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane or cell wall via either a protein or lipid, thus making the glycocalyx consist of glycolipids and glycoproteins, as shown below:

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Which of the following are common cell surface markers used regularly for cell-cell recognition?
A. Glycoproteins
B. Glycolipids
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Phospholipids
E. Steroids

Glycoproteins

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The animal cell membrane is made up of __________.
A. Phospholipid membrane, carotenoids, glycocalyx
B. Phospholipid membrane, waxes, glycocalyx
C. Phospholipid membrane, cholesterol, glycocalyx
D. Phospholipid membrane, sterol, glycocalyx
E. Phospholipid membrane, hopanoid, glycocalyx

Phospholipid membrane, cholesterol, glycocalyx

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Which of the following is used as structural support in the membrane of plants?
A. Sterols
B. Cholesterol
C. Peptidoglycan
D. Glycocalyx
E. Carotenoids

A. Sterols

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If an organism has sterols to add structural support to its cellular membrane, then it is most likely a __________.
A. Plant
B. Mammal
C. Prokaryote
D. Bacteria
E. Virus

Plant

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If an organism has hopanoids to add structural support to its cellular membrane, then it is most likely a __________.
A. Mammal
B. Prokaryote
C. Virus
D. Planet
E. Bird

Prokaryote

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Which of the following possess centrioles?
A. Plant cells
B. Animal Cells
C. Bacteria
D. Fungi
E. Archaea

Animal Cells

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Microtubules are made up of __________.
A. Keratin
B. Tubulin
C. Actin
D. Collagen
E. Clathrin

Tubulin

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Microfilaments are made up of __________.
A. Keratin
B. Tubulin
C. Actin
D. Collagen
E. Intermediate filaments

C. Actin

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A transmembrane protein is __________.
A. Not attached to the cellular membrane
B. Loosely attachment to the cellular membrane
C. Embedded in the nucleus
D. Embedded in the cellular membrane
E. Embedded from one side to the other side of the cellular membrane

Embedded from one side to the other side of the cellular membrane

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A transmembrane protein is a type of __________.
A. Peripheral protein
B. Integral protein
C. Glycolipid
D. Glycoprotein
E. Cholesterol

Integral protein

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Which of the following does the cell use to distinguish between self and foreign pathogens? A. Channel proteins B. Recognition proteins C. Porins D. Carrier proteins E. Transport proteins

Recognition protein

Glycoproteins in animal cells have an attached __________. A. Lipid B. DNA C. Oligosaccharide D. Ion E. Water molecule

Oligosaccharide

The major-histocompatibility complex present on macrophages can be detected by __________. A. Channel proteins B. Porins C. Carrier proteins D. Transport proteins E. Recognition proteins

Recognition proteins

Damage to recognition proteins on animal cells will cause which of the following? A. Inability for water to pass through the plasma membrane B. Inability for small ions to pass through the plasma membrane C. Inability to distinguish self and foreign cells D. Inability to adhere to other neighboring cells E. Inability to bind to hormones

C. Inability to distinguish self and foreign cells

Due to this membrane protein, the rate of water movement in the kidney can be increased. A. Channel protein B. Recognition protein C. Carrier protein D. Transport protein E. Porin

Porin

Which of the following is the least specific membrane protein? A. Recognition protein B. Carrier protein C. Transport protein D. Porin E. Receptor protein

Porin Porins have two classes—general and specific. General porins (shown below) allow for the passage of other small, polar molecules which solvate in water as they pass through the pore. Specific porins use a selectivity filter to only allow the passage of one specific small, polar molecule, which is facilitated by certain amino acid residues which form the selectivity filter in the pore. Recognition proteins are specific, allowing for the identification of self vs non-self. Carrier proteins transport a specific molecule across the membrane. Transport proteins are the broad class of proteins containing both channel and carrier proteins, and thus can be specific to a certain molecule. Finally, receptor proteins are very specific for certain ligands.

Which of the following changes physical shape after binding to a specific molecule? A. Channel protein B. Carrier protein C. Porin D. Recognition protein E. Adhesion protein

Carrier protein Carrier proteins (shown below) impart selectivity on what they are transporting through undergoing a conformational change. The extracellular binding domain only binds a specific ligand. When that ligand binds to the correct binding domain, it causes a conformational change in the intracellular portion of the carrier protein, allowing the ligand to flow through the protein, into the cell, closing the extracellular domain behind it, so that no other molecules can diffuse through the membrane.

Which of the following can use ATP to move molecules? A. Porin B. Channel protein C. Transporter protein D. Facilitated diffusion E. Passive diffusion

Transporter protein The term transporter protein is synonymous with carrier protein, as shown below. This class of proteins undergoes a conformational change to port molecules across the membrane. There are two classes of transporter/carrier proteins—the first-class undergoes active transport and moves molecules against their concentration gradient by energy, such as from ATP and the second undergoes passive transport without an input of energy, moving molecules down their concentration gradient.

Which of the following attaches cells to neighboring cells and provides stability with internal filaments and tubules? A. Porin B. Channel protein C. Adhesion protein D. Receptor protein E. Recognition protein

Adhesion protein There are four general classes of cell-cell junctions in animal tissues: Anchoring Junctions, Occluding Junctions, Channel-Forming Junctions, and Signal-Relaying Junctions. Anchoring Junctions are those that anchor adjacent cells to one another using adhesion proteins, which include cadherin on the cell surface, which then interface with anchoring proteins B-catenin, p120-catenin, and others on the cadherin’s intracellular domain to link the cadherin to internal actin and intermediate filaments, as shown below:

Which of the following serves to bind to hormones and other chemical trigger molecules? A. Porin B. Receptor protein C. Recognition protein D. Channel protein E. Adhesion protein

Receptor protein Receptor proteins are a class of cell surface molecules that receive extracellular ligand signals, from molecules such as hormones, cytokines, short peptides, etc. and propagate the signal intracellularly via a signaling cascade. Examples of these receptor proteins include RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) and GPCRs (G-protein coupled receptors). Shown below is the Heterotrimeric G-protein activation/deactivation cycle in the context of GPCR signaling:

Which of the following is found in the kidneys and plant root cells? A. Porin B. Sterol C. Cholesterol D. Hopanoids E. Glycocalyx

Porin

Due to a genetic disorder, a patient is lacking amelogenin, which allows tooth enamel to stabilize and develop its structure. Which of the following membrane proteins is affected by the genetic disorder? A. Porin B. Channel protein C. Adhesion protein D. Receptor protein E. Carrier protein

Adhesion protein

Transporter proteins use which of the following to transport material? A. Active transport B. Passive diffusion C. Facilitated diffusion D. Active transport and facilitated diffusion E. Facilitated and passive diffusion

Active transport and facilitated diffusion

Which of the following can use ATP? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Simple diffusion C. Osmosis D. Transporter/Carrier proteins E. Porins

Transporter/Carrier proteins

Channel proteins create a passage for which of the following substances? A. Nonpolar B. Polar C. Hydrophobic D. Small molecules E. Non-charged molecules

Polar

A peripheral protein is attached by __________. A. Loose attachment to the cellular membrane B. Embedded in the cellular membrane C. Embedded from one side to the other side to the cellular membrane D. Not attached to the cellular membrane E. Cooperativity of cellular membrane

An integral protein is __________. A. Embedded in the cellular membrane B. Embedded from one side to the other side of the cellular membrane C. Loosely attached to the cellular membrane D. Not attached to the cellular membrane E. Cooperativity of the cellular membrane

Embedded in the cellular membrane

Which of the following is used to store and protect the DNA in the eukaryotic cell? A. Nucleus B. Nucleoid C. Histone D. Nucleolus E. Ribosome

Nucleus

Which of the following aids in organizing DNA into chromatin? A. Histones B. Glycocalyx C. RNA D. Ribosomes E. Nucleolus

Histones

When DNA is wrapped into a bundle with eight histone proteins, it is a __________. A. Nucleosome B. Chromatid C. Chromosome D. Nucleus E. Nucleoid

Nucleosome

Which of the following is used for ribosome synthesis in the animal cell? A. Nucleoid B. Nuclear envelope C. Nuclear pores D. Nucleolus E. Nucleoplasm

Nucleolus

Which of the following is used to synthesize ribosomes in the eukaryotic cell? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. DNA E. Protein

rRNA

A toxin inhibits the nucleolus from functioning in the eukaryotic cell. Which processes will be directly affected by this? A. RNA synthesis B. DNA synthesis C. DNA organization D. Ribosome synthesis E. mRNA synthesis

Ribosome synthesis

Which of the following best describes the difference between mRNA and rRNA? A. mRNA is used in the nucleolus B. mRNA is used to carry specific amino acids C. rRNA is not used in the nucleolus D. rRNA is the code used to create a protein E. rRNA is used to create ribosomes

rRNA is used to create ribosomes

Which of the following covers the outside of the eukaryotic nucleus? A. Nuclear lamina B. Nucleolus C. Chromatin D. Nuclear envelope E. Nucleoid

Nuclear envelope

The eukaryotic nuclear envelope contains __________. A. Nuclear pores B. Nuclear lamina C. Nucleolus D. Nucleoid E. Chromatin

A. Nuclear pores Remember: the terms nuclear membrane and nuclear envelope are synonymous. This question can be tricky because it is asking what is contained within the nuclear envelope, rather than just closely associated structures. The nuclear lamina consists of intermediate filaments (IFs) called lamins, which closely associate to the nuclear membrane’s inner leaflet via the anchoring protein emerin. IFs are highly flexible and provide the nucleus with structural support. The nucleolus is a region within the nucleus responsible for rRNA production/ribosomal biogenesis. The nucleoid region is present in prokaryotes which do not have a proper nucleus. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins (histones, which organize DNA) and is the uncondensed (not a chromosome) form in the nucleus during interphase. Nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope, as shown below, and allow for the transport of proteins into and out of the nucleus—proteins often require transporter chaperones to pass through the pores.

To transport mRNA and some proteins out of the nucleus, the nucleus has __________. A. Nuclear lamina B. Nuclear pores C. Nucleoid D. rRNA E. Nucleolus

Nuclear pores Nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope (shown below) and allow for the transport of proteins into and out of the nucleus—proteins often require transporter chaperones to pass through the pores. These proteins are called importins and exportins, respectively.

When there are multiple nucleosomes coiled together, they are a __________. A. Chromosome B. Chromatin C. Histone D. Nucleus E. Nucleoid

Chromatin

Which of the following functions structurally support the eukaryotic nucleus and regulate DNA replication? A. Nuclear lamina B. Nuclear envelope C. Nucleoid D. Histones E. Chromosomes

Nuclear lamina

Which of the following makes up the nuclear lamina of eukaryotic cells? A. RNA and protein B. Intermediate filaments and proteins C. Microtubules and proteins D. Actin filaments and proteins E. Microfilaments and proteins

Intermediate filaments and proteins

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells have a __________. A. Nuclear lamina B. Nucleoid C. Nucleosome D. Chromatin E. Chromosome

Nucleoid

Which of the following aids in chromatin organization? A. Gills B. Chromosomes C. Histones D. Nuclear envelope E. Nucleolus

Histones

Similar to the cellular cytoplasm, the nucleus has (a) __________. A. Nucleoid B. Nucleolus C. Nucleoplasm D. Nuclear envelope E. Histones

Nucleoplasm

All of the following can possess a cell wall EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Bacteria B. Plant cells C. Fungal cells D. Archaea E. Animal cells

Animal cells

A majority of the genetic information of prokaryotes are contained by the __________. A. Nucleus B. Nucleoid C. Nuclear lamina D. Nucleolus E. Nucleoplasm

Nucleoid

All the following are cell structures EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Mitochondria B. Chloroplast C. Cell membrane D. Nucleus E. Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

The metabolic and transportation activity occurs in which area of the cell? A. Mitochondria B. Golgi apparatus C. Nucleus D. Cytosol E. Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

What is the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol? A. The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance in the eukaryotic cell B. The cytoplasm includes the organelles C. The cytosol includes the organelles D. The cytosol includes only the nucleus E. The cytosol includes only the free-floating ribosomes

The cytoplasm includes the organelles

Ribosomes are physically made up of __________. A. mRNA and protein B. DNA and protein C. tRNA and protein D. rRNA and protein E. Chromatin and protein

rRNA and protein

For eukaryotic cells, the subunits that make up ribosomes are __________. A. mRNA + tRNA B. rRNA + tRNA C. 60S + 40S D. 50S + 30S E. 70S

60S + 40S

For prokaryotic cells, the subunits that make up ribosomes are __________. A. mRNA + rRNA B. tRNA + rRNA C. 80S D. 60S + 40S E. 50S + 30S

50S + 30S

If a cell has a larger Svedberg unit value, then it generally is __________. A. Lighter B. Larger C. Bacteria D. A protist E. A prokaryote

Larger

The movement within the cytoplasm is called __________. A. Cytoplasmic streaming B. Power stroke C. Systolic number D. Diastolic number E. Svedberg unit

Cytoplasmic streaming

The organelle that assembles glycoproteins is called the __________. A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondria D. Lysosome E. Golgi apparatus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

If an endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes embedded on its surface, then it most likely __________. A. Produces mRNA B. Produces DNA C. Produces glycoproteins D. Produces lipids E. Produces hydrogen peroxide

Produces glycoproteins

The organelle that produces lipids and steroid hormones is called the __________. A. Lysosome B. Peroxisome C. Golgi apparatus D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum E. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

If liver cells are severely damaged and unable to function, then the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is unable to: A. Produce glycoproteins B. Break down toxins C. Transport substances D. Produce hydrogen peroxide E. Provide cell structure support

B. Break down toxins

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is located in __________. A. Cardiac muscle B. Smooth muscle C. Cardiac and smooth muscle D. Striated muscle E. Striated and smooth muscle

Striated and smooth muscle

Which of the following is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum? A. Chloride ions B. Calcium ions C. Phosphorus ions D. Hydrogen ions E. Bicarbonate ions

Calcium ions The *sarcoplasmic reticulum* is a specialized form of the endoplasmic reticulum found in striated and smooth muscle. It serves as a reservoir for Ca2+ cations which are released to help expose myosin-binding sites on actin filaments during muscle contraction. *Troponin* is the molecule to which Ca2+ binds, which then causes the tropomyosin fiber to be moved out of the major groove of actin, exposing myosin binding sites. Shown below is an image of excitation-contraction coupling in a skeletal muscle contraction:

Which of the following organelles produces lysosomes? A. Peroxisome B. Golgi apparatus C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum E. Nucleus

Golgi apparatus The lysosome forms when vesicles filled with proteins bud off from the Trans Golgi Network of the Golgi apparatus (shown below) and fuse together. These vesicles are filled with enzymes to degrade proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Also important are the H+ pump proteins which are sent from the Golgi to acidify the lysosome. This slightly acidic environment inside of the lysosome is important to ensuring the pH-sensitive enzymes do not become active before reaching the slightly acidic environment of the lysosome, as well as serving as a signaling device for receptors to release their cargo once they fuse with the lysosome.

This organelle has digestive enzymes that break down molecules. A. Golgi apparatus B. Lysosome C. Peroxisome D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum E. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome The lysosome forms when vesicles filled with proteins bud off from the Trans Golgi Network of the Golgi apparatus and fuse together. These vesicles are filled with enzymes to degrade proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Also important are the H+ pump proteins which are sent from the Golgi to acidify the lysosome. This slightly acidic environment inside of the lysosome is important to ensuring the pH-sensitive enzymes do not become active before reaching the slightly acidic environment of the lysosome, as well as serving as a signaling device for receptors to release their cargo once they fuse with the lysosome. The image below shows lysosomes digesting materials taken into the cell and recycling intracellular materials:

Which of the following organelles functions by packaging and transporting substances in vesicles? A. Peroxisome B. Golgi apparatus C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum E. Vacuole

Golgi apparatus

The flattened sacs in the Golgi apparatus are called __________. A. Vacuoles B. Vesicles C. Cristae D. Cisternae E. Matrix

Cisternae

What is the difference between the cis and trans faces of the Golgi apparatus? A. The cis face is for secretory vesicles B. The cis face is for secretory vacuoles C. The trans face is for secretory vacuoles D. The trans face is for secretory vesicles E. The trans face is for incoming vesicles

The trans face is for secretory vesicles

Which of the following organelles is common in liver and kidney cells? A. Vacuole B. Peroxisome C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Mitochondria E. Plastid

Peroxisome

Which of the following organelles breaks down substances like amino acids in eukaryotic cells? A. Golgi body B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Vacuole D. Plastid E. Peroxisome

Peroxisome

Which of the following is used by peroxisomes to oxidize substances? A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Carbon dioxide E. Hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide

What is the function of peroxisomes in plant cells? A. Alter the by-products of the Calvin Cycle B. Alter the by-products of the Kreb Cycle C. Alter the by-products of glycolysis D. Alter the by-products of photorespiration E. Alter the by-product of fermentation

Alter the by-products of photorespiration

Microtubules are made up of __________. A. Microfilaments B. Intermediate filaments C. Tubulin D. Actin E. Cilia

Tubulin

Which of the following forms the spindle apparatus during cellular division? A. Microfilaments B. Microtubules C. Intermediate filaments D. Transport vacuoles E. Cell walls

Microtubules

The digestive enzymes inside lysosomes function at (a) __________. A. Low pH B. High pH C. Neutral pH D. pH equilibrated to the cytosol E. pH that is more basic than the cytosol

Low pH H+ pump proteins are sent from the *Golgi to acidify the lysosome, resulting in a lower pH than the cytosol. This slightly acidic environment inside of the lysosome is important to ensure the pH-sensitive enzymes do not become active before reaching the slightly acidic environment of the lysosome, as well as serving as a signaling device for receptors to release their cargo once they fuse with the lysosome. Shown below are the pathways that intersect endosomes in the endocytic pathway:

The digestive enzymes that move out of the lysosome will be __________. A. Hyperactive in the cytosol B. Inactive in the cytosol C. Develop a low pH D. Develop a high pH E. Hyperactive with a low pH

Inactive in the cytosol H+ pump proteins are sent from the Golgi to acidify the lysosome, resulting in a lower pH than the cytosol. This slightly acidic environment inside of the lysosome is important to ensure the pH-sensitive enzymes do not become active before reaching the lysosome, as well as serving as a signaling device for receptors to release their cargo once they fuse with the lysosome. If a lysosome were to burst, and lysosome enzymes were active at neutral pH, then the enzymes would be able to degrade the cell from the inside, which would be detrimental to the cell’s survival. Therefore, the enzymes are pH-sensitive as a safety measure for the cell. Shown below are the pathways that intersect endosomes in the endocytic pathway:

Which organelle makes lysosomes? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi apparatus D. Peroxisome E. Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

In germinating cells, glyoxysomes __________. A. Create fatty acids B. Break down fatty acids C. Modify by-products of photorespiration D. Serve as structural support E. Maintain dormancy of the seed

Break down fatty acids

Intermediate filaments __________. A. Act as the spindle apparatus during cellular division B. Provide support to maintain cellular structure C. Allow for cellular mobility D. Are found in flagella and cilia E. Are found in cleavage furrows in animal cells

Provide support to maintain cellular structure

Microtubule Organization Centers are found everywhere besides __________. A. Animal cells B. Plant cells C. Bacterial cells D. Centrosome E. Basal bodies

Bacterial cells Both plant and animal cells (eukaryotes) divide mitotically/meiotically, processes which require the organization of microtubules to pull replicated chromosomes to each pole of the dividing cell. Bacterial cells have one, circular chromosome and divide via binary fission—a process independent of microtubules. Thus, MTOCs are not required by bacteria. The other function of MTOCs in eukaryotes is to serve as the nucleation site for building cilia and flagella. However, in bacteria, flagella are constructed from a protein called flagellin, not a microtubule, thus an MTOC is not required. Centrosomes (shown below) are the MTOC for microtubules involved in cell division while basal bodies are the MTOC for flagella and cilia.

Microtubules that are part of cilia/flagella are found as __________. A. 80S B. 60S C. 70S D. 9 + 2 array E. 9 x 3 array

9 + 2 array

Which of the following best describes the function of transport vacuoles? A. Holds nutrients to later break down food B. Moves substances to different parts of the cell C. Expresses turgor to maintain cellular structure D. Stores molecules and toxic substances E. Pumps and collects water using active transport

Moves substances to different parts of the cell

Which of the following best describes the function of food vacuoles? A. Pumps and collects water using active transport B. Moves substances to different parts of the cell C. Holds nutrients to later break down food D. Expresses turgor to maintain cellular structure E. Stores molecules and toxic substances

Which of the following best describes the function of the central vacuole? A. Maintains cellular structure in animal cells B. Expresses turgor to maintain cellular structure C. Stores pigments and starch D. Pumps and collects water using active transport E. Moves substances to different parts of cells

Expresses turgor to maintain cellular structure

Which of the following best describes the function of storage vacuoles? A. Stores pigments and starch B. Expresses turgor to maintain cellular structure C. Pumps and collects water using active transport D. Moves substances to different parts of cells E. Hold nutrients to later break down food

Stores pigments and starch

Which of the following best describes the function of contractile vacuoles? A. Moves substances to different parts of cells B. Maintain osmosis in plant cells C. Pumps and collects water using active transport in plant cells D. Pumps and collects water using active transport in some protozoa organisms E. Store pigments and starch

Pumps and collects water using active transport in some protozoa organisms

All the following are in plant cells EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Glyoxysomes B. Cell wall C. Contractile vacuoles D. Storage vacuoles E. Central vacuoles

Contractile vacuoles

Cell walls are found in all the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Plant cells B. Animal cells C. Fungal cells D. Protist cells E. Bacterial cells

Animal cells

Microtubule Organizing Centers are found as __________. A. 9 + 2 array B. 9 x 3 array C. 60S D. 70S E. 80S

9 x 3 array

Which of the following best describes the development of mitochondria in cells? A. Endosymbiotic Theory B. RNA World Hypothesis C. Central Dogma D. Modern Cell Theory E. Big Bang theory

Endosymbiotic Theory

Which of the following best describes the function of plastids? A. Site of energy creation in both animal and plant cells B. Site of photosynthesis in animal cells C. Site of photosynthesis in plant cells D. Site of beta-oxidation in plant cells E. Site of beta-oxidation in animal cells

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria? A. Fatty acid anabolism B. Fatty acid catabolism C. Beta reduction D. Anaerobic respiration E. Fermentation

Fatty acid catabolism

Which of the following organelles is not found in both animal and plant cells? A. Mitochondria B. Golgi apparatus C. Peroxisome D. Plastid E. Ribosomes

Plastid [

If a mutation in animal cells causes mitochondria to be defective, then which of the following will occur? A. Cells will die due to increased aerobic respiration B. Cells will die due to increased by-products of photorespiration C. Cells will die due to a lack of energy to drive basic functions D. Cells will survive but will be unable to produce lipids E. Cells will survive but will be unable to produce glycoproteins

Cells will die due to a lack of energy to drive basic functions

All the following are part of the endomembrane system EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria C. Golgi apparatus D. Vacuoles E. Vesicles

Mitochondria

All the following are part of the endomembrane system of either animal or plant cells EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum B. Lysosomes C. Golgi apparatus D. Chloroplast E. Nuclear envelope

Chloroplast

Which of the following organelles holds the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell? A. Nucleosome B. Nucleoid C. Nucleolus D. Nucleus E. Nuclear lamina

Nucleus

Which of the following best describes tightly wound chromatin in the eukaryotic cell? A. Chromosome B. Histone C. Nucleus D. Nucleolus E. Nuclear lamina

Chromosome During different stages of the *cell cycle, the condensation state of DNA changes. The complex between DNA and protein is called *chromatin. When the cell is in interphase (G1, S, and G2), the chromatin remains in its uncondensed state. However, in *M phase, specifically during prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, as shown below, which is the highly condensed form of DNA, allowing the DNA to be evenly separated into two daughter cells when the cell divides.

Lysosomes are formed from __________. A. Budding from the Golgi apparatus B. Budding from the rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Budding from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Budding from the nucleus E. Endocytic internalization

Budding from the Golgi apparatus *Lysosomes (shown below) form from vesicles which bud off the *Trans Golgi network and then fuse in the cytoplasm. These vesicles contain digestive enzymes for many different macromolecules, which are also pH-sensitive—just like the lumen of the Golgi, the lysosome has a slightly acidic pH, which means the digestive enzymes are only active at this specific pH, so if the lysosome were to burst, the enzymes would be inactive in the cytosol and wouldn’t pose harm to the cell.

Eukaryotic flagella obtain energy using __________. A. ATP hydrolysis B. Proton motive force

ATP hydrolysis *Prokaryotic and *eukaryotic flagella are different in a few ways. Generally, prokaryotic flagella are more simple and smaller in structure than those of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic flagella are made of the protein flagellin, whereas in eukaryotes, flagella are made of tubulin arranged in a 9 + 2 array. The way the flagella move is also different. In prokaryotes, it undergoes a rotary movement, whereas in eukaryotes it moves in a bending fashion. Finally, the energy which drives the movement is different between the two classes of flagella. In prokaryotes, flagellar movement is driven by energy from proton pumps, whereas in eukaryotes, flagellar movement is driven by *ATP hydrolysis. Shown below is an image of the characteristics of eukaryotic flagella:

Prokaryotic flagella obtain energy using __________. A. ATP hydrolysis B. Proton motive force

B. Proton motive force Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella are different in a few ways. Generally, prokaryotic flagella are more simple and smaller in structure than those of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic flagella are made of the protein flagellin, whereas in eukaryotes, flagella are made of tubulin arranged in a 9 + 2 array. The way the flagella move is also different. In prokaryotes, it undergoes a rotary movement, whereas in eukaryotes it moves in a bending fashion. Finally, the energy which drives the movement is different between the two classes of flagella. In prokaryotes, flagellar movement is driven by energy from *proton pumps, whereas in eukaryotes, flagellar movement is driven by ATP hydrolysis. Shown below is an image of the characteristics of eukaryotic flagella:

Which of the following is not a part of the endomembrane system? A. Peroxisomes B. Lysosomes C. Golgi apparatus D. Endoplasmic reticulum E. Nuclear envelope

Peroxisomes

Which of the following is not a membrane-bound organelle? A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Nucleus C. Lysosome D. Ribosome E. Mitochondria

Ribosome

A lack of water can cause a plant to appear wilted due to a(n) __________. A. Increase in cell membrane fluidity B. Decrease in cell membrane fluidity C. Reduction in turgor pressure D. Increase in turgor pressure E. Transpiration

Reduction in turgor pressure

Smooth endoplasmic reticulumThe specialized membrane of central vacuoles is the __________. A. Central membrane B. Turgor membrane C. Tonoplast D. Membranoid E. Plastid

Tonoplast

A human disease results in an inability to synthesize enough steroid hormones. Which organelle is likely affected? A. Nucleus B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Mitochondria E. Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A human disease results in an inability to efficiently detoxify drugs. Which organelle is likely affected? A. Nucleus B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum D. Golgi apparatus E. Central vacuole Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

If cells bind using focal adhesions, then __________. A. Actin filaments of the cell are bound B. Intermediate filaments of the cell are bound C. The keratin of the cell is bound D. Both actin and intermediate filaments of the cell are bound E. Microtubules of the cell are bound

Actin filaments of the cell are bound

If cells bind using hemidesmosomes, then __________. A. Microtubules of the cell are bound B. Gap junctions of the cell are bound C. Adherens junctions of the cell are bound D. Actin filaments of the cell are bound E. Intermediate filaments of the cell are bound

Intermediate filaments of the cell are bound

Which of the following creates collagen and other tissue elements used for connectivity? A. Erythroblast B. Fibroblast C. Osteoblast D. Monocyte E. Chondroblast

Fibroblast

Which of the following is used to bind adjacent animal cells to each other? A. Plasma membrane B. Glycocalyx C. Extracellular matrix D. Nucleus E. Cytoskeleton

Extracellular matrix

The most common protein that binds adjacent animal cells together is __________. A. Integrin B. Fibronectin C. Collagen D. Intermediate filaments E. Microtubules

Collagen

Which of the following best describes the endomembrane system? A. All the organelles in the eukaryotic cell B. All the membranes in the eukaryotic cell C. All the organelles and membranes in the eukaryotic cell D. The organelles that work in the transport of molecules in the cell E. The organelles and membranes that work in the transport of molecules in the cell

E. The organelles and membranes that work in the transport of molecules in the cell

Cells can bind to the extracellular matrix with __________. A. Desmosomes B. Hemidesmosomes C. Adherens junctions D. Gap junctions E. Tight junctions

B. Hemidesmosomes

Cells can bind to the extracellular matrix with __________. A. Adherens junctions B. Gap junctions C. Tight junctions D. Focal Adhesions E. Desmosomes

Focal Adhesions

Which of the following best describes intracellular circulation via the endoplasmic reticulum? A. Random particle movement due to kinetic energy intracellularly B. The circular motion of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules C. Channel to provide passage from the plasma to the nuclear membrane D. Diffusion for the transport of materials E. Movement of interstitial fluid through the body

Channel to provide passage from the plasma to the nuclear membrane

Which of the following is an example of extracellular circulation? A. Brownian movement B. Cyclosis C. Cytoplasmic streaming D. Endoplasmic reticulum E. Diffusion

Diffusion

The circulatory system of many complex animals is __________. A. Cytoplasmic streaming B. Brownian movement C. Diffusion D. Extracellular circulation E. Intracellular circulation

Extracellular circulation

Brownian movement results from __________. A. Thermal energy B. Kinetic energy C. Potential energy D. Nuclear energy E. Gravitational energy

Kinetic energy

The circular movement of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules Which of the following best describes the Brownian movement? A. Random particle movement due to kinetic energy extracellularly B. Random particle movement due to kinetic energy intracellularly C. The circular movement of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules D. Diffusion for the transport of materials E. Channel to provide passage from the plasma to the nuclear membrane

Random particle movement due to kinetic energy intracellularly

Which of the following best describes cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming? A. Random particle movement due to kinetic energy intracellularly B. Channel to provide passage from the plasma to the nuclear membrane C. The circular movement of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules D. Diffusion for the transport of materials E. Movement of blood through the body

The circular movement of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules

Animal cells that experience mechanical stress like the skin tend to have __________. A. Anchoring junctions B. Gap junctions C. Plasmodesmata D. Tight junctions E. Connexins

Anchoring junctions

Which cell junction produces a seal to prevent the movement of molecules between cells? A. Anchoring junctions B. Gap junctions C. Plasmodesmata D. Tight junctions E. Adhesion protein

Tight junctions

Which of the following is the function of tight junctions? A. Aids the cervix with mechanical stress B. Creates a junction to allow substances to move from one cell to another C. Forms a seal preventing substances from traveling between cells D. Inhibits the movement of the phospholipid membrane E. Tightly draws in electrolytes to the cell's interior

Forms a seal preventing substances from traveling between cells

Animal cells that line the digestive tract in regions where substances need to go through the cells into the blood tend to have __________. A. Anchoring junctions B. Gap junctions C. Tight junctions D. Plasmodesmata E. Desmotubules

Tight junctions

Which animal cell junction provides tunnels that allow the movement of small molecules or ions? A. Tight junctions B. Plasmodesmata C. Desmotubules D. Gap junctions E. Anchoring junctions

Gap junctions *Gap junctions (shown below) function as narrow tunnels between adjacent animal cells and form through proteins called *connexins. Connexins also prevent the cytoplasms of the interfacing cells from mixing but do allow for the transport of ions and small molecules. Gap junctions are found in the heart muscle which requires the passing of ions quickly to propagate an electrical potential across a wide surface. A circular arrangement of 6 connexin proteins in the plasma membrane of each cell forms the tunnel which we call a connexon, through which solutes travel.

Gap junctions __________. A. Allow cytoplasm of cells to mix B. Prevent cytoplasm of cells to mix C. Allow large molecules to pass through D. Allow small molecules to pass through plant cells E. Provide mechanical support to skin cells

Prevent cytoplasm of cells to mix

Cardiac tissue needs to quickly pass electrical impulses. The best cellular junction for this will be __________. A. Anchoring junctions B. Tight junctions C. Gap junctions D. Plasmodesmata E. Hemidesmosomes

Gap junctions

The proteins that make up gap junctions are called __________. A. Hemidesmosomes B. Desmosomes C. Desmotubule D. Connexins E. Microtubules

Connexins

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are analogous to which of the following in animal cells? A. Gap junctions B. Anchoring junctions C. Tight junctions D. Plasmodesmata E. Plastids

Gap junctions

Which cellular junctions consist of narrow tubes called desmotubules that allow the transfer of material from one cytoplasm to another in an adjacent cell? A. Gap junctions B. Anchoring junctions C. Tight junctions D. Plasmodesmata E. Mitochondria

. Plasmodesmata

The narrow tubes of endoplasmic reticulum in plant cells are called __________. A. Desmosomes B. Desmotubules C. Connexins D. Gap junctions E. Channel proteins

Desmotubules

If the movement of molecules between plant cells is favored, which cellular junction should be used? A. Plasmodesmata B. Gap junctions C. Tight junctions D. Anchoring junctions E. Connexins

Plasmodesmata

Cadherin proteins are linked to adherens junctions via __________. A. Microtubules B. Intermediate filaments C. Actin D. Myosin E. Integrin

Actin

The function of cell junctions is to __________. A. Connect cells to the extracellular matrix B. Connect cells to neighboring cells C. Connect organelles to the cytoplasm D. Connect organelles to each other E. Connect organelles to the nucleus

Connect cells to neighboring cells

Which cell junction binds using adhesion proteins and keratin filaments? A. Gap junctions B. Desmosomes C. Plasmodesmata D. Tight junctions E. Hemidesmosomes

Desmosomes

If a mutated cell leaks substances between neighboring cells, then there is most likely an issue with its __________. A. Gap junctions B. Anchoring junctions C. Plasmodesmata D. Tight junctions E. Hemidesmosomes

Tight junctions

If a mutated cell causes frequent breakage within an epithelial tissue, then there is most likely an issue with its __________. A. Plasmodesmata B. Tight junctions C. Hemidesmosomes D. Gap junctions E. Anchoring junctions

Anchoring junctions

The heart tissue is unable to receive electrical impulses in time, causing an abnormal heartbeat. Damage to which of the following cellular junctions can cause this? A. Plasmodesmata B. Anchoring junctions C. Hemidesmosomes D. Gap junctions E. Tight junctions

Gap junctions

Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. Prokaryotes have flagella made of microtubules B. Prokaryotes have flagella made of flagellin C. Eukaryotes have flagella made of flagellin D. Eukaryotic cell walls are made of peptidoglycan E. Eukaryotes have 70S ribosomes

Prokaryotes have flagella made of flagellin

Prokaryotes have __________. A. A nucleus B. Chromatin C. 80S ribosomes D. No cell wall E. Flagella made from flagellin

Flagella made from flagellin

All the following are not eukaryotes EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Bacteria B. Cyanobacteria C. Archaebacteria D. Prokaryotes E. Protists

Protists

Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have __________. A. Smaller cell size B. Larger cell size C. One chromosome D. Faster growth rate E. No organelles

Larger cell size

Which of the following do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have? A. Plasma membrane B. Nucleus C. Nucleoid D. Peptidoglycan cell walls E. Microtubule flagella

Plasma membrane

Which of the following appears in all eukaryotes? A. Cell wall B. Chloroplast C. Plastid D. Nucleus E. Nucleoid

Nucleus

Which of the following appears in all prokaryotes? A. Peptidoglycan cell wall B. Mitochondria C. Chloroplast D. Ribosomes E. Nucleus

Ribosomes

All the following concerning the genetic information of prokaryotic cells are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Single strand B. Circular C. Double-stranded DNA D. Contains chromatin E. In the nucleoid

Contains chromatin

The cell walls of most bacteria contain __________. A. Peptidoglycan B. Polysaccharides C. Cellulose D. Chitin E. Flagella

Peptidoglycan The *cell wall is a crucial part of plant, fungal, protist, and some bacterial cells. The cell wall provides rigidity and structural support for these organisms. However, animal cells do not have a cell wall. Another important fact to remember is that plant cell walls are made of cellulose, chitin makes up the cell walls of fungi, *peptidoglycan makes up bacterial cell walls, and polysaccharides make up archaeal cell walls. Shown below is an image of the structure of gram-positive cell wall:

The cell walls of most archaea contain __________. A. Cellulose B. Chitin C. Cilia D. Peptidoglycan E. Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides The *cell wall is a crucial part of plant, fungal, protist, and some bacterial cells. The cell wall provides rigidity and structural support for these organisms. However, animal cells do not have a cell wall. Another important fact to remember is that plant cell walls are made of cellulose, chitin makes up the cell walls of fungi, peptidoglycan makes up bacterial cell walls, and *polysaccharides make up archaeal cell walls. Shown below is an image of prokaryotic cell envelopes containing surface (S) layers:

If a solution has a lower solute concentration than the solute concentration in the cell, then it is __________. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic

Hypotonic

If a solute is the same concentration in solution as in the cell, then it is __________. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic

Isotonic

A researcher places red blood cells in a solution of unknown concentration. The red blood cells swelled and lysed. The solution was most likely __________. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic

Hypotonic

A researcher places red blood cells in a solution of unknown concentration. The red blood cells shriveled. The solution was most likely __________. A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic

B. Hypertonic

A researcher places red blood cells in a solution of unknown concentration. The red blood cells remained the same volume. The solution was most likely __________. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic

Isotonic

If a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution, then the central vacuole will become __________. A. Plasmolyzed B. Flaccid C. Turgid

Plasmolyzed

If a plant cell is in a hypotonic solution, then the central vacuole will become __________. A. Plasmolyzed B. Flaccid C. Turgid

Turgid

If a plant cell is in an isotonic solution, then the central vacuole will become __________. A. Plasmolyzed B. Flaccid C. Turgid

B. Flaccid

If a solution has a higher solute concentration than a cell, then it is __________. A. Hypertonic B. Hypotonic C. Isotonic

Hypertonic

If the immune system cannot perform this well, the human body is at higher risk of pathogen attack. A. Pinocytosis B. Phagocytosis C. Diffusion D. Group translocation E. Passive transport

Phagocytosis

Secondary active transport can use __________. A. The energy of a molecule moving down its concentration gradient B. The energy of a molecule moving against its concentration gradient C. ATP directly D. Passive transport. E. Endocytosis.

A. The energy of a molecule moving down its concentration gradient

All the following are forms of passive transport EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Osmosis B. Simple diffusion C. Dialysis D. Plasmolysis E. Endocytosis

Endocytosis

Which of the following best describes diffusion? A. Random movement of molecules from low to high concentrations B. Random movement of molecules from high to low concentrations C. Non-random movement of molecules from high to low concentrations D. Non-random movement of molecules against the gradient E. Non-random movement of molecules following the concentration gradient

Random movement of molecules from high to low concentrations

Which of the following best describes active transport? A. Uses energy to move particles with their concentration gradient B. Uses energy to move particles against their concentration gradient C. Uses diffusion to move particles with their concentration gradient D. Uses diffusion to move particles against their concentration gradient E. Uses collective transfer of molecules in the same direction

Uses energy to move particles against their concentration gradient

hich of the following best describes primary active transport? A. Use of ATP to directly move particles against concentration gradients B. Use of ATP to directly move particles with concentration gradients C. Use of indirect energy to move particles with concentration gradients D. Use of indirect energy to move particles against concentration gradients E. Use of chemical alteration to move particles

Use of ATP to directly move particles against concentration gradients

Which of the following best describes secondary active transport? A. Use of indirect energy to move particles with concentration gradients B. Use of indirect energy to move particles against concentration gradients C. Use of ATP to directly move particles against concentration gradients D. Use of ATP to directly move particles with concentration gradients E. Use of chemical alteration to move particles

B. Use of indirect energy to move particles against concentration gradients

The chemical alteration of a substance to prevent back diffusion is called __________. A. Group translocation B. Cyclosis C. Brownian movement D. Exocytosis E. Endocytosis

Group translocation [

The ability to drive secondary active transport can be explained by __________. A. Gibbs free energy B. Basal metabolic rate C. Passive transport D. Temperature E. Volume

Gibbs free energy

The coupling with which of the following will drive a +G unfavorable reaction to completion? A. -G B. +G C. +H D. -H E. -T

-G

If a primary reaction has a +G value and the next secondary reaction has a higher +G value, then __________. A. The reaction is spontaneous B. The reaction is favorable C. The reaction is exergonic D. The reaction is endergonic E. The reaction gives off energy

The reaction is endergonic

As a child grows physically, their basal metabolic rate __________. A. Decreases with size B. Increases with size C. Stays constant D. Requires less energy E. Increases per kilogram

Increases with size

An increased temperature will __________. A. Decrease metabolism B. Increase metabolism

B. Increase metabolism

Compared to a teenager, a geriatric patient most likely has (a) __________. A. Higher body temperature B. Lower body temperature C. Higher basal metabolic rate D. Decreased metabolism E. Increased metabolism

Decreased metabolism

If a reaction is spontaneous, then which of the following holds true? A. Positive Gibbs free energy B. Decreases thermodynamic stability C. Increased thermodynamic stability D. Work capacity increases E. Energy is needed to drive the reaction

Increased thermodynamic stability

Why does a squirrel have a higher BMR per kg when compared with an elephant’s BMR? A. BMR is dependent on presence or absence of leather and fur B. BMR decreases per kg as size increases C. BMR increases per kg and size increases D. BMR decreases per kg as size decreases E. Squirrels have a larger surface area

BMR decreases per kg as size increases

The equation for Gibbs Free Energy is __________. A. G = HT - S B. G = H - S C. G = H + S D. G = H + TS E. G = H - TS

G = H - TS

All the following are forms of active transport EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Endocytosis B. Phagocytosis C. Pinocytosis D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis E. Plasmolysis

Plasmolysis

Engulfing solid material using a white blood cell is __________. A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis D. Dialysis E. Plasmolysis

Phagocytosis

The invagination of the plasma membrane around liquid or dissolved material is concerned to be __________. A. Dialysis B. Phasmolysis C. Phagocytosis D. Pinocytosis E. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Pinocytosis

The specific binding of ligands to receptors is concerned to be __________. A. Receptor-mediated endocytosis B. Plasmolysis C. Pinocytosis D. Dialysis E. Phagocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis [

The transportation of cholesterol and hormones by proteins is a form of __________. A. Phagocytosis B. Plasmolysis C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis D. Dialysis E. Plasmolysis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a form of __________. A. Dialysis B. Plasmolysis C. Pinocytosis D. Phagocytosis E. Exocytosis

Pinocytosis

Reactions in biology can only be coupled if they share __________. A. Enzymes B. Similar temperature C. Reactants D. Product E. Intermediates

Intermediates