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Term 3: Immunology/Pathology > Cellular Injury > Flashcards

Cellular Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cellular adaptation?

A

-a reversible functional and structural response to a stress or stimulus

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2
Q

What are 4 examples of cellular adaptation?

A
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Metaplasia

**these are all reversible

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3
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • a change in a cell’s phenotype (adaptation)

e. g. metaplasia in airway of smokers

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4
Q

What happens to a cell if a nefarious stimulus persists or is severe?

A

-the cells undergo irreversible injury and cell death

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5
Q

What happens when a cell is continuously out of ATP?

A

-membrane injury:

  • cellular constituents leak out of cell
  • Ca2+ enters cell –> damage
  • intracellular enzymes are released and activated
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6
Q

(T/F) Membrane injury only involves the cell membrane.

A

F. it also involves the membranes of mitochondria and other organelles

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7
Q

What happens when an injury causes a bunch of Ca ions to enter the cytosol of the cell?

A

Activates:

  • ATPases
  • Phospholipases
  • Proteases
  • Endonucleases
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8
Q

How can free radicals damage cells?

A
  • lipid peroxidation of cell membrane
  • inactivates enzymes
  • causes DNA damage
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9
Q

With irreversible cell membrane injury which of the following will occur:

A. Influx of Na+ and Ca++
B. Influx of K+
C. Efflux of Na+
D. Efflux of Ca++

A

A. Influx of Na+ and Ca++

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10
Q

What are Caspases?

A

Enzymes that lead to apoptosis.Two Types:

  • Initiator: (8&9) activate execution caspases in conjunction with other proteins
  • Executor: disrupt cytoskeleton and degrade DNA
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11
Q

What is Bcl-2?

A
  • part of a family of proteins that regulate cell growth
  • ratio of members of family determines whether a cell will live or die
  • affect mitochondrial permeability
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12
Q

Which members of the Bcl-2 family favor apoptosis?

A
  • Bax
  • Bad
    others. ..
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13
Q

Which members of the Bcl-2 family inhibit apoptosis?

A
  • Bcl-2
  • Bcl-XL
    others. ..
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14
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of apoptosis:

A. Inflammation
B. Large numbers of cells affected
C. Internucleosomal DNA breaks
D. Free radical damage

A

C. Internucleosomal DNA breaks

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15
Q

What is a Giemsa or Wright/Giemsa stain used on?

A

Blood smears

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16
Q

What must be maintained for a cell to continue living?

A
  • Cell membrane must remain intact
  • Aerobic metabolism –> ATP must continue
  • Protein synthesis must continue
  • Nuclear DNA integrity must be maintained
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17
Q

Is Cytochrome C associated with the intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis pathway?

A

intrinsic

18
Q

Loss of Bcl-2 can be seen in what major process?

A.  inflammation
B.  injury
C.  repair
D.  hemodynamic disturbance
E.  neoplasia
A

E. Neoplasia

19
Q

What is the cellular morphology of apoptosis?

A
  • cell shrinkage
  • nuclear chromatin condensation
  • formation of blebs = apoptotic bodies
  • phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
20
Q

What are the two features of a reversible cellular injury?

A
  • Hydropic change (cellular swelling)

- Fatty change (Steatosis), increase in fat in cell due to interference w/ protein/fat metabolism

21
Q

What is a hydropic change?

A

-increased water in the cell due to the loss of the Na/K pump, cellular swelling

22
Q

What are the two types of irreversible cell injury?

A
  • apoptosis

- Necrosis

23
Q

What are the three possible histological findings of a cell nucleus going through necrosis/apoptosis?

A
  • Karyolysis = paler staining
  • Pyknosis = shrunken, dark staining
  • Karyorrhexis = fragmentation
24
Q

What happens histologically to a cell undergoing necrosis?

A

-the cytoplasm gets pinker

=an increase in eosinophilia

25
Q

What are the four patterns of Necrosis?

A
  • Coagulative necrosis
  • Liquefactive necrosis (brain or abscess)
  • Caseous necrosis (tuberculosis or fungi)
  • Fat necrosis (pancreas most common, also mastitis)
26
Q

What are the microscopic features of coagulative necrosis?

A
  • cell outline/border remains
  • more eosinophilic cytoplasm (redder)
  • cytoplasmic structures indistinct
  • nuclei absent
27
Q

What are the gross and microscopic features of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Gross:
-soft, pus, fluid

Microscopic:

  • no cell outlines remain
  • “empty” space with/without granular pink material
28
Q

What are the gross and microscopic features of caseous necrosis?

A

Gross:
-caseous = soft, cheese-like material

Microscopic:

  • +/- indistinct cell outlines
  • no nuclei
  • amorphous pink material
29
Q

What are the gross and microscopic features of Fat necrosis?

A

Gross:

  • maybe soft
  • areas of calcium deposits (gritty)

Microscopic:

  • vague cell outlines may remain
  • no nuclei
  • +/- calcification (calcium + fat = saponification)
30
Q

What happens to cells in a hypertrophic heart?

A

-cells cannot get any larger then rupture and die

31
Q

What is the mechanism of atrophy?

A
  • decreased protein synthesis

- usualy by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

32
Q

What is the mechanism of metaplasia?

A

-reprogramming of existing normal stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

33
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A
  • a breakdown product of hemoglobin

- contains iron

34
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

a “wear & tear” pigment from membrane damage

35
Q

What are the two types of calcification? What’s the difference between them?

A

Dystrophic Calcification:
-deposition of calcium in damaged tissues

Metastatic Calcification:
-calcium deposited in normal tissue (due to high serum calcium)

36
Q

What are Psammoma bodies?

A
  • show up in ovarian tumors

- microscopic appearance of round laminated calcium nodules

37
Q

How do you histologically change hydropic change from fatty change?

A
  • both will have large white cells
  • hydropic change cells still have nucleus in center
  • fatty change cells are more circular, nucleus is not in middle of white
38
Q

What type of necrosis is gangrene?

A

coagulative

39
Q

Caseous necrosis is associate with which of the following?

A. TIssue ischemia
B. Fatty change
C. Pancreatitis
D. Tuberculosis

A

D. Tuberculosis

40
Q

ENlargement of the thyroid gland because of increased levels of TSH is an example of:

A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy

A

B. Hyperplasia

**Hypertrophy mostly occurs in muscle

41
Q

WHat are the four naturally endogenous pigments?

A
  • lipofuscin
  • Melanin
  • Hemosiderin
  • Bilirubin

Term 3: Immunology/Pathology (17 decks)

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