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Building an Organism > Cellular Communication and Mesoderm Induction > Flashcards

Cellular Communication and Mesoderm Induction Flashcards

1
Q

What is juxtacrine signalling?

A

Communication between two cells that are touching

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2
Q

What is bilateria life?

A

They have bilateral symmetry

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3
Q

Do all bilateria have bilateral symmetry all their life?

A

No starfish lose it but all have it as larvae

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4
Q

What is radiata life?

A

Not bilateral at any stage of their life, less complex than bilateria

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5
Q

Give an example of a radiata organism?

A

A jellyfish

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6
Q

What is Porifera life?

A

The least complex compared to radiata and bilateria

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7
Q

Give an example of a proifera organism?

A

Sponge

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8
Q

What are the three germ layers of bilateria?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

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9
Q

What is ectoderm?

A

The skin and nervous system

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10
Q

What is endoderm

A

The mouth to anus tube down the middle (the gut)

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11
Q

What is mesoderm?

A

The skeleton, blood, kidney and heart (everything in between)

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12
Q

What kind of animals dont have mesoderm?

A

Simple ones

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13
Q

What does tripoblastic mean?

A

All three germ layers

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14
Q

What kind of axes do bilateria organisms have?

A

A anterior-posterior axis and a doso-ventral axis

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15
Q

What are some examples of bilateria?

A

Humans, frogs, flies, worms

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16
Q

What kind of axis do radiata organisms have?

A

One axis - the oral/aboval axis (one orfice for food and poop)

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17
Q

What does dipoblastic mean?

A

Two germ layers - ecto and endo - no mesoderm

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18
Q

What does monoblastic mean?

A

One germ layer - ecto

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19
Q

What can be said about the tissues of porifera life?

A

No true tissues

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20
Q

Evolution of which layer allowed more complex animals to form?

A

Mesoderm (the one missing from radiata compared to bilateria)

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21
Q

What 3 things about xenopus laevis eggs that make them good for studying embryogensis?

A
  1. They are big
  2. Laid and develop outside the body
  3. Large so make good amounts of proteins
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22
Q

What defines the axis in a xenopus egg?

A

They factors (proteins and mRNAs) persent in different areas of the cytoplasm

23
Q

What pole of the xenopus egg is more dense with the local factors?

A

The animal pole

24
Q

What kind of animals are the animal and vegetal pole specific to?

A

Amphibians

25
Q

What causes the development of the animal pole?

A

The point of sperm entry

26
Q

What would have to be present in order for the sperm to cause the formation of the animal pole?

A

A receptor for the sperm that allows interactions between speicifc proteins on the animal pole membrane with the sperm

27
Q

What can be seen in the 32-cell blastula of the xenopus?

A

The cytoplasm that was present in the 1 cell is localised into the 32 cells and can tell because of their colour

28
Q

What would you call cells you remove from the 32-cell blastula?

A

Explants

29
Q

What happens to explants?

A

They undergo several cell divisions in culturew

30
Q

What do cells that have the animal pole cytoplasm go on to make?

A

Ectoderm (skin cells)

31
Q

Whar do cells that have the vegetal pole cytoplasm go on to make?

A

Endoderm (gut)

32
Q

What is decided at the 32 cell stage and what is not decided?

A

If the cells are ectoderm or endoderm but no mesoderm has been decided yet

33
Q

What do you get from an explant of a late stage blastula?

A

Mesoderm development

34
Q

What axes can be seen to develop in the late stage embryo?

A

The dorsal ventral axis

35
Q

What happens if you take different explants across the cell

A

You get different subsets of mesoderms

36
Q

What defines the dorsal ventral axis in the later stage blastula?

A

the different subsets of mesoderm

37
Q

What mesoderm defines the dorsal side?

A

Notochord and somites

38
Q

What mesoderm defines the ventral side?

A

Mesenchyme and blood

39
Q

What is the difference between fate and specification?

A

Let the cells develop in situ = fate, taking them out and seeing how they develop = specification

40
Q

If part of the cell develops different insitu (fate) compared to as an explant (specification) what does this tell you?

A

There must be something telling it do become the fate and if you remove it you lose the signal and therefore it doesnt become it

41
Q

What happens if you put endoderm and ectoderm near each other?

A

The cells of the ectoderm that are closest to the endoderm make mesoderm

42
Q

If the cells of the ectoderm make the mesoderm where is the signal coming from?

A

The endoderm

43
Q

What happens if you place ventral endoderm with ectoderm?

A

It makes notochord and muscle

44
Q

What happens if you place dorsal endoderm with ectoderm?

A

The ectoderm makes blood and other tissues

45
Q

What does the difference in ventral and dorsal endoderm changing the ectoderm tell you?

A

The signal being sent by the endoderm is different from dorsal to ventral

46
Q

What niewkoop?

A

fuck knows

47
Q

Sum up the example of cell communication in development?

A

The inductive signal originates in the endoderm and is recieved by the adjacent ectoderm which then becomes mesoderm but the type of mesoderm depends on what part of the endoderm the inductive signal is being trasmitted from (will be different along the dorsal ventral axis)

48
Q

Where is B-Catenin found?

A

In the dorsal end of the blastula

49
Q

What does B-catenin do?

A

It interacts with TCF/LEF transcrption factors to regulate gene expression

50
Q

What happens if you inject B-atenin in the ventral side of the blastula?

A

A second dorsal side will form

51
Q

What is Veg-t?

A

A transcription factor found in the vegetal end

52
Q

What does the cross-over between B-catenin and Veg-T regulate?

A

Nodal related proteins

53
Q

What are nodal related proteins?

A

TGF-B family small protein signals

54
Q

How are nodal related proteins involved in mesoderm induction?

A

Different levels of nodal related proteins (caused by the gradient between B-catenin and Veg-T) leads to different levels of nodal signals which means there is a different outcome in what mesoderm is made

Building an Organism (11 decks)

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