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Autonomic Nervous System > Cellular Communication > Flashcards

Cellular Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Types of intercellular communication by chemicals

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine

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2
Q

Signaling molecule is secreted by a cell and transported through the circulation where it acts on a distant target cell

A

Endocrine cell signaling

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3
Q

Chemical signaling molecule is released by one cell and acts locally to regulate the behavior of a neighboring cell

A

Paracrine cell signaling

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4
Q

A cell responds to a signaling molecule that it also produced

A

Autocrine cell signaling

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5
Q

Any chemical that binds to a receptor is a ____

A

Ligand

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6
Q

What is another name for ligand?

A

First messenger

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7
Q

What results from signal recognition and transduction of an extracellular message ?

A

Second messenger or
Catalytic cascade

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8
Q

Four types of receptor-based signal transducers

A
  1. Transmembrane G protein couple receptors
  2. Transmembrane ligand-gated ion channels
  3. Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors
  4. Soluble intracellular (nuclear) receptors
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9
Q

What are the four categories of small, hydrophilic chemical messengers?

A

Amino acids
Biogenic amines
Choline esters
Idothyronines

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10
Q

Four examples of amino acid chemical messengers

A

Glycine
Glutamate
GABA
Aspartate

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11
Q

Five examples of biogenic amine chemical messengers

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine

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12
Q

Example of a choline ester

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

Two idothyronines

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

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14
Q

What chemical messengers are derived from tyrosine?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Idothyronines (T4 and T3)

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15
Q

What are some general features of small, hydrophilic chemical messengers?

A

Polar molecules that are ionized at physiologic pH

Need cell-surface receptors to cross plasma membranes

Stored in vesicles in the cells that synthesized them

Typically released by exocytosis (excluding T3 and T4)

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16
Q

Three general categories of lipophilic chemical messengers

A

Steroids
Eicosanoids
Other

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17
Q

Examples of endogenous steroids

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Testosterone
Progesterone
Estrogens

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18
Q

Examples of eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes

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19
Q

Two miscellaneous lipophilic chemical messengers

A

Vitamin D3
Retinoids

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20
Q

What are general characteristics of peptide and protein chemical messengers?

A

Usually polar (hydrophilic)

Do not readily cross plasma membranes = usually bind to cell surface

Synthesized as precursor molecules

Stored in vesicles in the cells that synthesized them

Circulate in the blood stream as unbound molecules

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21
Q

What is the sequence of signal transduction through G protein-coupled receptors?

A

First messenger (ligand) > GPCR > Effector > Second messenger > Cellular response

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22
Q

What are the three components of signal transduction through GPCRs?

A
  1. A plasma membrane receptor with seven transmembrane helical segments
  2. A guanosine nucleotide- binding protein activates the effector enzyme or pathway
  3. An effector (usually an enzyme) in or associated with the plasma membrane that generates an intracellular second messenger
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23
Q

What are the heterotrimeric G protein families?

A

Gs
Gi
Gq
G12, 13

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24
Q

Enzyme that produces cyclic adenosine monophosphate

A

Adenylyl cylase

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25
Q

Enzyme that produces inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylgycerol (DAG)

A

Phospholipase C

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26
Q

Enzyme that produces eicosanoids

A

Phospholipase A2

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27
Q

Intercellular junction that helps the nervous system communicate

A

Synapse

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28
Q

Two types of synapses

A

Chemical
Electrical

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29
Q

Which type of synapse is most prevalent?

A

Chemical

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30
Q

Signals flow directly from one cell to another in a bi-directional fashion

A

Electrical synapses

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31
Q

Signal travels in one direction from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane across a synaptic cleft

A

Chemical synapses

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32
Q

Two types of receptors at chemical synapses

A

Ion channels (ionotropic)
Heterotrimeric G proteins (metabotropic)

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33
Q

Three signals that open pores in gated ion channels

A

Membrane voltage (electrical)
Chemicals (ligands)
Pressure (mechanical)

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34
Q

Primary neurotransmitter of peripheral efferent neural pathways

A

Acetylcholine

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35
Q

Where does ach synthesis take place?

A

Presynaptic nerve terminal

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36
Q

Type of Ach receptor that is ionotropic

A

Nicotinic

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37
Q

Type of Ach receptor that is metabotropic

A

Muscarinic

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38
Q

Ach substrates

A

Acetyl-CoA
Choline

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39
Q

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

Glutamate

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40
Q

Responses to glutamate

A

Motor neuron activation
Pain pathway transmission
Elevated pain sensation (hyperalgesia)
Memory formation
Cerebral neurotoxicity

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41
Q

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

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42
Q

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and lower brainstem

A

Glycine

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43
Q

Where is glutamate synthesized?

A

In the brain (it cannot cross BBB)

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44
Q

What alpha G protein subunit results in the increased production of cAMP from adenylyl cyclase?

A

Gs

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45
Q

What G protein alpha subunit stimulation results in decreased production of cAMP from adenylyl cyclase?

A

Gi

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46
Q

What enzyme produces cAMP?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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47
Q

What enzyme produces inositol triphosphate?

A

Phospholipase C (PLC)

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48
Q

What enzyme produces diacylglycerol?

A

Phospholipase C

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49
Q

What enzyme produces eicosanoids?

A

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

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50
Q

What is the precursor for cAMP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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51
Q

What is the precursor for DAG and IP3?

A

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)

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52
Q

What G protein and substance are responsible for DAG and IP3 production?

A

Gq
Ca++

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53
Q

What second messenger binds to Ca++ channels on the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in Ca++ release from ER into the cytoplasm?

A

IP3

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54
Q

What second messenger acts as a docking site for and activator of protein kinase C (PKC)?

A

DAG

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55
Q

What second messengers leave the cell and bind to GPCR on the surface of target cells?

A

Eicosanoids

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56
Q

What enzyme liberates arachidonic acid from the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

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57
Q

What is the precursor for prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and CYP450 monooxygenases?

A

Arachidonic acid

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58
Q

What is the precursor for endocannabinoids?

A

Arachidonic acid

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59
Q

What family of enzymes catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to their groups?

A

Kinases

60
Q

Ion movement during direct excitatory response

A

Na+ into the cell
Ca++ into the cell

61
Q

Ion movement during direct inhibitory response

A

Cl- into the cell

62
Q

Signal transduction of Nm ACh receptors

A

Opens nonselective cation channels > Na+ influx

63
Q

Signal transduction of Nn ACh receptors

A

Opens nonselective cation channels > Na+ influx

64
Q

Location of Nm ACh receptors

A

Skeletal muscle at the neuromuscular junction

65
Q

Location of Nn ACh receptors

A

Autonomic ganglia
Adrenal medulla
CNS

66
Q

Response to Nm ACh receptor stimulation

A

End-plate depolarization and skeletal muscle contraction

67
Q

Response to Nn ACh receptor stimulation

A

Depolarization of postsynaptic postganglionic neuron

Secretion of catecholamines

Arousal, attention, analgesia

68
Q

Signal transduction pathway of M1 ACh receptor

A

Gq > PLC > increase IP3 & increase DAG > increase Ca++ > increase PKC

69
Q

Signal transductions (2) of M2 ACh receptor

A

Beta/ gamma subunit of Gi > increase K+ channel (GIRK) opening

Gi > inhibits AC > decrease cAMP

70
Q

Signal transduction of M3 ACh receptor

A

Gq > PLC > increase IP3 & increase DAG > increase Ca++ > increase PKC

71
Q

Signal transductions (2) of M4 ACh receptor

A

Beta/ gamma subunit of Gi > increase K+ channel (GIRK) opening

Gi > inhibits AC > decrease cAMP

72
Q

Signal transduction of M5 ACh receptor

A

Gq > PLC > increase IP3 & increase DAG > increase Ca++ > increase PKC

73
Q

Locations of M1 ACh receptors

A

Autonomic ganglia

CNS

74
Q

Locations of M2 ACh receptors

A

Cardiac nodal tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

75
Q

Locations of M3 ACh receptors

A

Smooth muscle
GI

76
Q

Locations of M4 ACh receptors

A

CNS

77
Q

Locations of M5 ACh receptors

A

CNS

78
Q

Response to M1 ACh receptor stimulation

A

Autonomic- excitatory
Arousal, attention, analgesia

79
Q

Response to M2 ACh receptor stimulation

A

Slowed spontaneous depolarization (decrease chronotropy); hyperpolarization

Decreased contractility (inotropy); Decreased Dromotropy

80
Q

Response to M3 ACh receptor stimulation

A

Smooth muscle contraction

Increased salivary secretions

81
Q

Response to M4 ACh receptor stimulation

A

Presynaptic autoreceptors > negative feedback to suppress ACh release

82
Q

Response to M5 ACh receptor stimulation

A

Promotes dopamine release, dilation of cerebral arteries

83
Q

Two of the main ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

NMDA
AMPA

84
Q

How are AMPA receptors activated?

A

Binding of two glutamate molecules

85
Q

What conditions must be met for full NMDA activation?

A

Binding of two glutamates
Binding of two glycine molecules
Depolarizing voltage change

86
Q

Glutamate receptor that has non-selective cation channels that are highly permeable to Na+, but poorly permeable to Ca++

A

AMPA receptor

87
Q

Glutamate receptor that has non-selective cation channels that are highly permeable to Ca++, but poorly permeable to Na+

A

NMDA receptor

88
Q

Glutamate receptor that has Mg++ bound in the resting state

A

NMDA receptor

89
Q

Glutamate receptor that depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane d/t glutamate release

A

AMPA receptor

90
Q

How is the Mg++ block relieved on the NMDA receptor?

A

Depolarization caused by AMPA receptor activity

91
Q

How is glutamate receptor activation terminated?

A
  1. Transmitter reuptake by presynaptic glial transporters
  2. Transmitter diffusion out of the synaptic cleft
  3. Receptor desensitization
92
Q

What is exicitoxicity?

A

Neuronal injury initiated by excessive glutamate receptor activity

93
Q

The majority of hypnotics target what receptor?

A

GABAa receptor

94
Q

Pentameric ligand-gated Cl- channel

A

GABAa receptor

95
Q

How are GABAa receptors activated?

A

By binding of two GABA molecules

96
Q

What type of receptor are GABAb receptors?

A

Metabotropic

97
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitter formed from serine in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

Glycine

98
Q

Glutamate is converted to GABA by what type of enzymatic reaction?

A

Decarboxylation

99
Q

The 5 biogenic amine neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine

100
Q

The 3 catecholamines

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

101
Q

Most biogenic amine neurotransmitter receptors are what type of receptor?

A

Metabotropic

102
Q

What type of receptor is the 5-HT3 serotonin receptor?

A

Ionotropic

103
Q

All catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid?

A

L-tyrosine

104
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from what amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

105
Q

Histamine is synthesized from what amino acid?

A

Histidine

106
Q

How is tyrosine generated if tyrosine supply is low?

A

Cells can generate tyrosine from phenylalanine by hydorxylation

107
Q

What is the rate limiting step to in catecholamine synthesis?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylation by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase to form L-DOPA

108
Q

What two enzymes metabolize catecholamines?

A

Monoamine oxidase
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

109
Q

What is the end-product of catecholamine metabolism?

A

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

110
Q

What is the major metabolite of dopamine?

A

Homovanillic acid (HVA)

111
Q

What is the metabolite of serotonin?

A

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

112
Q

What cells synthesize histamine in the periphery?

A

Mast cells
Basophils

113
Q

What is the major metabolite of histamine?

A

Imidazole acetic acid

114
Q

What enzymatic reaction is present in ALL biogenic amine neurotransmitter biosynthesis?

A

Decarboxylation

115
Q

Where is the largest concentration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain?

A

Substantia nigra

116
Q

Where is the major concentration of noradrenergic neurons in the CNS?

A

Locus coeruleus in the pons

117
Q

Where are the two major groups of adrenergic neurons in the CNS?

A

Rostral ventrolateral medulla
Nucleus tractus solitarius

118
Q

Describe the release of norepinephrine in the peripheral nervous system

A

From the postganglionic sympathetic neurons onto target tissues

119
Q

Describe the release of epinephrine in the peripheral nervous system

A

From chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla into the circulation in response to stress

120
Q

What is the relationship between isoproterenol and alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptors?

A

Isoproterenol activates beta adrenergic receptors, but alpha adrenergic receptors are poorly activated by isoproterenol

121
Q

Norepinephrine preferentially binds to what receptors?

A

Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1

122
Q

Low concentrations of epinephrine has predominantly what effects?

A

Beta

123
Q

Higher concentrations of epinephrine has predominantly what effects?

A

Alpha-1

124
Q

Where are serotonin receptors located?

A

Rostral raphe nuclei > thalamus, limbic system, and cortex

Caudal raphe nuclei > spinal cord and within brainstem

125
Q

Where is the highest density of histamine-containing neurons?

A

Turberomammillary region of the hypothalamus

126
Q

D2, D3, D4 alpha subunit

A

Gi

127
Q

Alpha-1 alpha subunit

A

Gq

128
Q

Alpha-2 alpha subunit

A

Gi

129
Q

Beta (1,2,3) alpha subunit

A

Gs

130
Q

5-HT1 alpha subunit

A

Gi

131
Q

5-HT2 alpha subunit

A

Gq

132
Q

5-HT4 alpha subunit

A

Gs

133
Q

Molecule composed of 5-carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base, at least one phosphate group

A

Nucleotide

134
Q

What are the main pruinergic transmitters?

A

ATP, ADP, and adenosine

135
Q

What does a sharp increase in adenosine levels in the extracellular fluid indicate?

A

Acute oxygen deficiency (stroke, MI, angina pectoris)

136
Q

How are purinergic neurotransmitters metabolized?

A

5’-AMP

137
Q

Role of P2X receptors on sensory nerves

A

Detecting and signaling tissue damage and inflammation

138
Q

How is platelet aggregation induced?

A

ADP binding to P2Y receptors

139
Q

What signaling complex activates nitric oxide synthase?

A

Ca++/ Calmodulin

140
Q

The 5 types of enzyme-linked receptors

A
  1. Receptor guanyly cyclases
  2. Receptor tyrosine kinases
  3. Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
  4. Receptor serine/ threonine kinases
  5. Receptor tyrosine phosphatases
141
Q

Cytosolic, heme-containing enzyme activated by nitric oxide

A

Soluble guanylyl cyclase

142
Q

Guanylyl cyclase ligands

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Brain atrial natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

143
Q

Group of enzyme-linked receptors that work in pairs

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases

144
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases’ ligands

A

Hormones
Growth factors

145
Q

Genetically regulated cell death

A

Apoptosis

Autonomic Nervous System (13 decks)

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