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BYU11101 > Cellular Basis of Life > Flashcards

Cellular Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is life?

A

The capacity for growth and self-replication.

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2
Q

Molecular Dogma

A

DNA->RNA->Protein

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3
Q

Contains genetic material in a cell

A

Nuclear Region

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4
Q

Contains multiple organelles & sites of catalytic action to support metabolic activities required for growth & replication

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

No true nucleus

Nuclear Region

A

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

Have a real nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q
  • no true nucleus
  • Fatty acids + ether linkages
  • rRNA – distant from eubacteria
A

Archea

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8
Q

Cell Wall gives structure & rigidity

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

Contain organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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10
Q

Contains DNA packaged in proteins called chromatin

Only visible in replicating cells

A

Chromosomes

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11
Q
  • Two phospholipid bi-layer’s form the Nuclear Membrane
  • Studded with Nuclear Pores
  • Allows transport of RNA out & signals inward
A

Nuclear Envelope

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12
Q
  • “Translated” into proteins
  • Exported from Nucleus
  • To sites of Protein synthesis (ribosomes)
A

mRNA

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13
Q
  • RNA species that links up with
    AMINO ACIDS -> PROTEINS
  • Found in Ribosomes
A

tRNA

transfer RNA

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14
Q
  • Forms a complex with proteins
  • Site of protein synthesis
A

rRNA

ribosomal RNA

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15
Q
  • Central in flow of genetic information
  • Translate mRNA into Proteins
  • Complex of rRNA, proteins, tRNA & mRNA
  • Found free in cytoplasm or associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A

Ribosomes

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16
Q
  • Intracellular fluid inside the cell (transparent)
  • Mainly water, ions, biomolecules/metabolites & proteins
  • Concentration Gradients of Biomolecules
  • Protein Complexes
A

Cytosol

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17
Q

These make up the?

  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane
A

Endomembrane System

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18
Q

____ ER is studded with Ribosomes
* sites of protein synthesis & modification (glycoproteins),
* delivers protein cargo to Golgi

A

Rough

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19
Q

____ ER – no Ribosomes,
* important in Lipid synthesis & detoxification,
* traffics lipid to Golgi

A

Smooth

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20
Q
  • Membrane network from nucleus into cell
  • Consists of folds – Cisternae
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

Directs/Sorts traffic inside the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus

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22
Q

Nuclear “receiving” side of the golgi

A

cis face

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23
Q

plasma membrane “shipping” side of the golgi

A

trans face

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24
Q
  • Membrane bound compartment within the cell
  • Highly acidic
  • Contains degradative (hydrolytic) enzymes
A

Lysosome

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25
Q

Recycling old organelles within the cytoplasm

A

Autophagy

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26
Q

amphipathic lipid species – contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions

A

Phospho-lipid

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27
Q

Circular (Colloidal) arrangement of phospholipids

A

Micelle

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28
Q

____ Fatty Acid – pack together nicely, stiff, no fluidity

A

Saturated

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29
Q

____ Fatty Acids – push apart, fluidity

A

Unsaturated

30
Q

The way in which substances enter a cell

A

Endocytosis

31
Q

The way things are secreted out of a cell

A

Exocytosis

32
Q
  • Contain outer membrane with lots of lipids/lipoprotein & transport proteins
  • Thin cell wall of peptidoglycan
  • Contains periplasmic space
A

Gram negative

33
Q
  • No outer membrane
  • Major Peptidoglycan (carbohydrate polymer) cell wall
  • Smaller periplasmic space
A

Gram Positive

34
Q

What kind of cells

  • Have a thick cellulose cell wall
  • Confers stability & protection
  • Survive high osmotic pressure
35
Q
  • Found in all free-living eukaryotes
  • Allows cellular respiration
  • Has its own DNA
  • Double membrane system
A

Mitochondria

36
Q
  • Plant & Algae only
  • Double membrane system
  • Has its own DNA
  • Allows Photosynthesis
A

Chloroplasts

37
Q
  • No nucleus
  • 1 “bacterial chromosome”
  • Duplicates by replication
  • Cell divides around this
A

Binary Fission

38
Q
  • Have nuclei & multiple chromosomes
  • No Cell Walls
  • Nuclear envelope dissolves
  • Chromosomes duplicates & separate
  • Cell divides around this
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
39
Q

Cytoplasmic events required to separate chromosomes & divide the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

40
Q
  • Separation of the sister chromatids -> daughter chromosomes
  • Division of the cytoplasm
  • Formation of new plasma membrane -> 2 daughter cells
A

Cytokenisis

41
Q

The protein complex’s basic unit is the

42
Q

Short Microtubules

43
Q

Longer Microtubules

A

Spindle Microtubules

44
Q

Microtubules which bind a chromosome

A

Kinetochore Microtubules

45
Q

Breaks down connections between sister chromatids with the help of enzymes

46
Q

This is an image of the

A

Cytokinesis Cleavage

Division without growth

47
Q

Non Mitotic phase of cell

A

Interphase

48
Q

These are the parts of the ____ stage of the cell cycle

  • G1
  • S
  • G2
A

Interphase

49
Q

This are the stages of what part of the cell cycle?

  • P
  • (P)
  • M
  • A
  • T
50
Q

These are the stages of?

  • Prophase
  • Pro-Metaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
51
Q

During which phase does

  • The cell grows
  • The nucleus conducts DNA Replication
  • The cytoplasm conducts Centrosome duplication
A

Interphase

52
Q

During which phase does

  • Sister chromatids appear in the nucleus
  • Early spindle formation in the cytoplasm
53
Q

In which phase does

  • The nucleus membrane dissolves
  • Microtubules extend in the cytoplasm
  • Microtubules attach to kinetochore
A

Pro-meta phase

54
Q

In which phase does

  • Attached chromosomes align in the nucleus
  • Extension of Spindle forms symmetry & plate formation in the cytoplasm
55
Q

In which phase does

  • Separation of sister chromatids in the nucleus
  • De-polymerization of Microtubules & Migration of Chromatids in the cytoplasm
56
Q

In which phase

  • Reformation of nuclear membrane (from remnants of old envelope)
  • Cytokinesis & Cleavage Dissolution of Spindle in the cytoplasm
57
Q

In which phase are there

  • Correct chromosome number
  • 1 centrosomes
58
Q

In which phase are there

Double chromosome
(chromatids)

59
Q

In which phase are there

2 centrosomes

60
Q

Programmed Cell Death

61
Q

Which checkpoint happens before DNA replicaiton?

A

G1 Checkpoint

62
Q

Which checkpoint is the Pre-mitosis check?

A

G2 Checkpoint

63
Q

Which checkpoint checks for the correct separation of chromosomes?

A

M checkpoint

64
Q

These are the function of

  • Propagation
  • Growth & embryonic development
  • Repairs & Renewal
A

Cell Division

65
Q

A special type of cell division that produces gametes – sperm & egg cells

66
Q
  • In Round 1, pairs of chromosomes separate
  • In Round 2, sister chromatids separate
67
Q

The study of the organization, structure, and function of living organisms.

68
Q

The middle of the X of a chromosome

A

Centromere

69
Q

The legs of chromosomes

A

Chromatids

70
Q

____ is when an aerobic bacteria went into anaerobic bacteria

A

Endosymbiosis

BYU11101 (17 decks)

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