Cellular Basis of Learning & Memory Flashcards
Define explicit memory
- Declarative memory
- Modeling the external worlds
- Storage f facts & episodic
- Conscious
- Highly flexible
Types of explicit memory
Episodic & semantic
Episodic
Memory of personal experence
Semantic
Words or concepts
Implicit
Non-declarative, changes in skilled behavior, not conscious
Four types of explicit memory
- Encoding
- Storage
- Conclusion
- Retrival
Where do the 4 phases of explicit memory occur
Medial temporal lobe & hippocampal formation
Name structures involved in spatial recognition
- Hippocampus
- Dentate gyrus
- Subiculum
- Entorhinal cortex
Name 2 structures involved in object recognition
- Perihinal
* Parahippocampal
Name 2 components of working memory or short term memory
- Verbal
2. Visuospatial
What are the 2 components regarding the control and regulation of short term memory?
- Executive control (attention)
2. Altered activity of the frontal cortical neurons
What NT and its receptor are involved in altering prefrontal neuron activity?
Ach through muscarnic receptors
Dopamine through D1 receptors
Define LTP
Long lasting activity depedent increase in the synaptic efficiency between 2 neurons
Hebbs postulate
If A excites B repatedly there are neurological snd growth\metabolic changes that increase A’s ability to excite B
3 steps in LTP
- ↑ presynaptic pathway activity
- ↑ glutamate released into the cleft
- DEPOLAIZATION & ↑ GLU RECEPTORS in post-synaptic cleft
- Influx of Ca into the post synaptic cells
What recpetors are involved in depolarization
AMPA
What receptors are involved in the ↑ GLU receptors
NMDA
Why does a low level result in depolarization but not LTP
NMDA receptors have Mg bound at rest, need repeated activity on order to displace the MG and get LTP
NMDA receptors act as
Co-incidence detectors
What does the influx of Ca do to the post-synaptic cell
Influences PKA, PKC & CAMK-II
Kinases result in insertion of new AMPA receptors
Restructuring of actin skeleton
What changes occur in the presynaptic cell?
↑ glutamte (retrograde messangers & brain derrived neurtrophic factor), changes in gene expression
Name 2 mechanisms of epigentic changes
- DNA methylation (fear related memory)
2. Phoshprylation of CREB
Define LTD (Long Term Depression)
Similar to LTP but requires lower levels of activity
Erasing or downgrading the importance of past actvity so that new items can be salient
What induces LTD
Stress
Name 2 difference in the mechanism for LTD
- Lower Ca and activity for activation
2. Activate phosphatases not kinases
Role of the following on learning
Moderate stress
Severe stress
Ability to control stress
Moderate: Facilitate LTP & learning
Severe: Impair learning
Control: Better learning if you can control the stress
