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Neuro III > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

3 Roles of Basal Ganglia

A
  1. Planning & initiation of movement
  2. Regulation of muscle tone & movement
  3. Regulate CC activity through feedback loops
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2
Q

Inhibitory NT

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

Excitatory NT

A

Glutamate

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4
Q

Major Input

A

CC

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5
Q

Major Output

A

Tophographical output back to cortex

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6
Q

Extrapyrimidal

A

Diverse interconnect brain locations

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7
Q

Dysinhibition

A

Excitation by inhibition of an inhibitory segment

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8
Q

Name 5 components of BG

A
  1. Striatum
  2. Globus Pallidus
  3. Substantia nigra
  4. Clasustrum
  5. Lentiform Nucleus
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9
Q

Parts of striatum

A

Caudate nuclei
Putamen nuclei
Medium spiny neurons

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10
Q

Parts of Globus Pallidus (G.P.)

A

Medial or Internal Division

Lateral or External Division

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11
Q

Parts of substantia nigra

Which part is similar to G.P.

A

Pars reticulate - similar to GP

Pars Compacta

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12
Q

Where is the claustrum located & what is its role?

A

Between putamen & insular cortex

Receives input from and sends output to sensory cortices

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13
Q

What are the parts of the lentiform nucleus

A

Globus pallidus & putamen

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14
Q

Role of Direct Pathway

A

Selective of specific movements

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15
Q

5 steps in Direct Pathway

A
  1. Excitiatory input from CC and\or Substantia nigra pars compacta (D1 receptor)
  2. Excites inhibitory Striatum
  3. Straitum sends inhibitory signals to inhibitory GP
  4. Inhibited GP sends fewer inhibitory signals Thalamus (VA\VL nucleus)
  5. Thalamus (under less inhibition) send more excitatory signals to Frontal or Premotor Cortex
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16
Q

Role of Indirect Pathway

A

Provides Background Inhibition

17
Q

7 steps of indirect pathway

A
  1. Excitatory inputs from CC & INHIBITORY input from S. N. P. C (D2 receptors)
  2. Less activation of the inhibitory Striatum
  3. Less inhibition of inhibitory G. P. Ecternal
  4. More inhibition of inhibitory subthalamic nucleus
  5. Less inhibition of inhibitory GP internal
  6. More inhibition to Thalamus VA\VL segment
  7. Decreased output to premotor/frontal cortex
18
Q

Overactive Indirect Pathway

A

Extreme lack of movement (Parkinson’s)

19
Q

Overactive Direct Pathway

A

More movement

20
Q

Motor Loops (5 steps)

A
  1. Pre-motor, motor & somatosensory
  2. Striatum putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus (lateral & internal)
  4. Thalamus (VA\VL)
  5. Cortex (and back to top)
21
Q

Oculomotor Loop

A
  1. Posterior parietal + prefrontal cortex
  2. Straiatum caudate
  3. Globus pallidus (internal)
  4. Thalamus (Mediodorsal + ventral nuclei)
  5. Cortex

OR

  1. Posterior parietal + prefrontal cortex
  2. Straitum caudate
  3. Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta
  4. Superior colliculus
  5. Thalamus (Mediodorsal & ventral nuclei)
  6. Cortex
22
Q

Prefrontal Loop (5 steps)

A
  1. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (Excutative function)
  2. Anterior Straitum Caudate
  3. Globus Palatdus + S.N.P.R
  4. Thalamus (Mediodorsal & ventral anterior nuclei)
  5. Cortex
23
Q

Limbic Loop (5 steps)

A
  1. Anterior cingulate + orbital frontal cortex
  2. Amygdala, hioppocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate cortex & temporal cortex
  3. Ventral striatum
  4. Thalamus (mediodoral nucleus)
  5. Cortex (mesolimbic system)
24
Q

Four characteristics decribing connectivity

A
  1. Segregated loops for primary, associational motor areas
  2. Somatotropic organization of basal ganaglia
  3. Parrales circyts
  4. Increased cobnvergance = integration
25
Q

Symptoms of Parkinsons

A

Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Tremor at rest

26
Q

Pathophysiology of Parkinsons

A

Low dopamine for S.N.P.C = reduced direct pathway

Decreases inhibitory inbut to subthalamic nucleus

27
Q

Name 2 pharaotherapeutic treatment options

A

Levodopa

Amantadine

28
Q

How does levodopa\L-dopa work?

A

Increases D1 and D2 in striatum so increases Dopamine

Precurssor of dopamine and crosses blood\brain barrier

29
Q

How does amantadine work?

A

Dopamine agonist
Increases activity from inhibitory subthalmic nucleus
GP internal inhibited more so it inhibits the thalamus less
More movement

30
Q

Name 2 surgical interventions

A
  1. Pallidoctomy

2. Deep Brain Stimulation

31
Q

What is the target of pallicoctomy

A

Medial globus pallidus

32
Q

What is the target of DBS

A

Subthalmic nucleus

Globus Pallidus Internus (direct pathway)

33
Q

What is gene therapy role

A

Increase GABA levels to increase inhibition of subthalamic nucleus

34
Q

2 symptoms of Hungtington’s disease

A
  1. Chorea

2. Quick, jerky, randon & involuntary movement

35
Q

Pathophysiology

A
  1. Excess of dopamine

2. Striatal degeneration

36
Q

What is athetosis? What is damaged?

A

Slow writhering, snake like movement (striatum injury)

37
Q

What is dystonia? What is damaged?

A

Twisting of limbs, trunkor neck

Basal Ganglia injury

38
Q

What is hemiballism? What is damaged?

A

Twisting frequent movements of limbs

Subthalamic nucleus injury

Neuro III (8 decks)

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