Cellular Aging And Death

Question 1

Induction of heat shock proteins occurs in which situation?

Answer 1

Damaged to intracellular proteins

Question 2

What is Cellular senescence

Answer 2

An irreversible cell-cycle arrest mechanism
Acts to protect against cancer
Involved in development, tissue repair, aging and age related disorders.

Question 3

What is Aging

Answer 3

An inevitable and progressive biological process
Tightly regulated and complex interplay between genetic and acquired factors
Aging is typically characterized by an increase in senescence
A quantitative and qualitative decrease in stem cells
Abnormal structure at tissue levels

Question 4

Aging phenotypes in humans

Answer 4

Genome instability
Macro molecular aggregates
Decrease in innate immunity
Decreased mitochondrial function
Sarcopenia
Decrease fitness (Tonus of the cells)

Question 5

Aging theories

Answer 5

RNA processing
Oxidative stress theory etc…

Question 6

RNA processing

Answer 6

A key intermediary step between transcription and translation in the central dogma
- rna processing
-5 capping
-pre-mRNA splicing
-3-polyadenylation
-rna editing

Question 7

Alternative splicing

Answer 7

Accounts for the complexity of organisms
Most of our pre-mRNAs shown to be alternatively spliced

Question 8

Pre-mRNA splicing

Answer 8

Is an intricate posttranscriptional process
Leads to the removal of introns and joining of exons in a pre-mRNA to form a mature mRNA

Question 9

Exon usage is increased by

Answer 9

Aging

Question 10

Splicing changes corresponds to

Answer 10

Genes involved in aging including : DNA repair, DNA damage and apoptosis, neuronal plasticity

Question 11

Signaling pathways of aging

Answer 11

Activation of the Sir2 pathway
IGF-1/mTOR pathway

Question 12

Sir2 pathway

Answer 12

Silences transcription at silent mating loci,telomeres and the ribosomal DNA.
Extends replication life span
NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase
Catalyzes the cleavage of acetyl groups from lysine residues in multiple substrates
Its overexpression or induction in starvation leads to increased lifespan in Caenorhabditis Elegans and Drosophila melanogaster

Question 13

Sir2 activators

Answer 13

Caloric restriction
Resveratrol

Question 14

Who is involved in the deterioration of DNA and protein quality control

Answer 14

Ubiquitin
Chaperone
Lysosome
Proteasome
Ubiquilin 1

Question 15

What causes aging and tissue degeneration

Answer 15

Glycation
Chemical damage due to oxidative stress
Addition of sugar residıues
Modify both DNA and proteins
Loss of vigor and decreased lifespan
Increased protein damage during aging exacerbated by a declining heat shock response
Reduced levels of heat shock protein
Resultant loss of protein quality control

Question 16

Which HSP’s directly protect cells against damage-induced entry into death pathways

Answer 16

Hsp27
Hsp70

Question 17

HSPs protect

Answer 17

Proteome
By folding denatured polypeptides and promoting the degradation of severely damaged proteins

Question 18

HSF1 initiates what

Answer 18

Transcription factor (HSP1)
Initiates the prolactin induction of HSP when cells are exposed to protein damage

Question 19

HSPs inhibitors of

Answer 19

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Question 20

Heat Shock response declines in

Answer 20

Aging cell

Question 21

HSP27

Answer 21

Acts as a protein chaperone and an antioxidant and plays a role in the inhibition of apoptosis and actin cytoskeletal remodeling

Question 22

HSP70

Answer 22

Protein folding
With ATP

Question 23

CHIP

Answer 23

Carboxyl terminus of HSP70-interacting protein
Bridges the molecular chaperone and ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation systems
Contains a U binding domain

Question 24

Bio markers of senescence

Answer 24

Cell cycle is arrested— activity of cyclin dependent kinase
Telomere attrition

Question 25

Bio markers of transition to a senescent state

Answer 25

Heterochromatin foci (SAHF)
Secretome
SASP (senescence associated secretory phenotype)

Question 26

Klotho

Answer 26

An enzyme
Regulation of oxidative stress, growth factor signaling, ion homeostasis.

Question 27

Klotho deficiency

Answer 27

Trigger for aging
Stem cell senescence and depletion
Autophagy decreases
Oxidative stress
Insulin /IGF signaling increases

Question 28

Maintenance of Klotho levels

Answer 28

Stimulation of endogenous klotho production
Administration of exogenous Klotho protein
Potential therapeutic target to retard aging and attenuate age- associated diseases