cellular adaptation and neoplasia

Question 1

chondro-

Answer 1

cartilage tumor

Question 2

Causes of hyperplasia

Answer 2

Physiologic: Calluses (squamous epithelium), proliferation of breast tissue in a pregnant woman

Question 3

cancer stage

Answer 3

clinically important - evaluation of extent of tumor spread

T = size and tissues involved

N = how many and kind of lymph nodes

M = metastatic spread

Question 4

melanoma

Answer 4

maligant melanocytic neoplasm

Question 5

Dysplasia and cancer

Answer 5

Dysplasia can regress if chronic stress is removed OR can gain additional mutations and become an invasive carcinoma

Question 6

Conditionally dividing cells

Answer 6

• Do not normally divide but can given an appropriate stimulus
• Capable of hyperplasia
• Ex: hepatocytes and kidney cells

Question 7

Causes of metaplasia

Answer 7

Physiologic: change in endocervix cell type (glandular -> squamous) at menarche

Pathologic: chronic reflux or alcoholism causes squamous -> columnar epithelium in esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus)

Question 8

Atrophy

Answer 8

Decrease in cell size, number, and metabolic activity

Question 9

Metaplasia

Answer 9

• Transformation of one differentiated cell type to another type better suited to accomodate the stress
• May regress if stress is discontinued or may accumulate mutations -> dysplasia if stress continues

Question 10

lymphoma

Answer 10

malignant lymphocytic neoplasm

Question 11

adeno-

Answer 11

glandular tumor

Question 12

-oma

Answer 12

usually a benign neoplasm except GI ademoas which are dysplastic and can evolve into carcinomas

Question 13

cancer grading

Answer 13

based on degree of histologic differentiation from tissue or origin

Question 14

Pathologic & physiologic causes of hypertrophy

Answer 14

Physiologic: skeletal muscle increase in size due to strength training, uterus smooth muscles increase in size due to pregnancy hormones

Pathologic: cardiac muscle cells increase in size in response to hemodynamic overload

Question 15

Types of cellular adaptations

Answer 15

Hypertrophy

Atrophy

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Question 16

Hyperplasia

Answer 16

Increase in (normal) cell number in an orderly manner

Rapid proliferation does make cells more susceptible to acquiring mutations

Question 17

Hypertrophy

Answer 17

• Increase in cell size and metabolic activity
• Adaptation of cells with limited capacity for division

Question 18

Dysplasia

Answer 18

Pathologic disordered growth characterized by:

• Loss of uniformity (pleomorphism)
• Loss of architecture
• Lack of differentiation (anaplasia)
• Increased nuclear:cytoplasm ratio
• Increased mitoses
• Accumulation of mutations

Question 19

osteo-

Answer 19

bone tumor

Question 20

Regeneration

Answer 20

Hyperplasia + structural organization

Question 21

• sarcoma

Answer 21

malignant mesenchymal (connective tissue or muscle) neoplasia

Question 22

Causes of atrophy

Answer 22

Physiologic: embryonic structures during development

Pathologic: skeletal muscle cells decrease with decreased workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, tissue pressure/compression

Question 23

Cellular adaptations

Answer 23

Reversible functional and structural responses caused by stresses (changes in physiologic states and pathologic stimuli) => formation of a new steady state but can return to normal

Question 24

squamous

Answer 24

squamous tumor

Question 25

• carcinoma

Answer 25

maligant epithelial neoplasm

Question 26

rhabdomyo-

Answer 26

skeletal muscle tumor

Question 27

leiomyo-

Answer 27

smooth muscle tumor

Question 28

Nondividing cells

Answer 28

• Fully differentiated cells/tissues in the adult that can’t divide or enter the cell cycle
• Irreplaceable; lost tissue replaced by scar tissue
• Ex: adult neurons, adult cardiac myoctyes, adult skeletal muscle cells

Question 29

Neoplasia

Answer 29

Unregulated clonal proliferation of abnormal cells often forming a mass (benign or malignant)