cellular adaptation and neoplasia Flashcards
chondro-
cartilage tumor
Causes of hyperplasia
Physiologic: Calluses (squamous epithelium), proliferation of breast tissue in a pregnant woman
cancer stage
clinically important - evaluation of extent of tumor spread
T = size and tissues involved
N = how many and kind of lymph nodes
M = metastatic spread
melanoma
maligant melanocytic neoplasm
Dysplasia and cancer
Dysplasia can regress if chronic stress is removed OR can gain additional mutations and become an invasive carcinoma
Conditionally dividing cells
- Do not normally divide but can given an appropriate stimulus
- Capable of hyperplasia
- Ex: hepatocytes and kidney cells
Causes of metaplasia
Physiologic: change in endocervix cell type (glandular -> squamous) at menarche
Pathologic: chronic reflux or alcoholism causes squamous -> columnar epithelium in esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus)
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size, number, and metabolic activity
Metaplasia
- Transformation of one differentiated cell type to another type better suited to accomodate the stress
- May regress if stress is discontinued or may accumulate mutations -> dysplasia if stress continues
lymphoma
malignant lymphocytic neoplasm
adeno-
glandular tumor
-oma
usually a benign neoplasm except GI ademoas which are dysplastic and can evolve into carcinomas
cancer grading
based on degree of histologic differentiation from tissue or origin
Pathologic & physiologic causes of hypertrophy
Physiologic: skeletal muscle increase in size due to strength training, uterus smooth muscles increase in size due to pregnancy hormones
Pathologic: cardiac muscle cells increase in size in response to hemodynamic overload
Types of cellular adaptations
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
Increase in (normal) cell number in an orderly manner
Rapid proliferation does make cells more susceptible to acquiring mutations
Hypertrophy
- Increase in cell size and metabolic activity
- Adaptation of cells with limited capacity for division
Dysplasia
Pathologic disordered growth characterized by:
- Loss of uniformity (pleomorphism)
- Loss of architecture
- Lack of differentiation (anaplasia)
- Increased nuclear:cytoplasm ratio
- Increased mitoses
- Accumulation of mutations
osteo-
bone tumor
Regeneration
Hyperplasia + structural organization
- sarcoma
malignant mesenchymal (connective tissue or muscle) neoplasia
Causes of atrophy
Physiologic: embryonic structures during development
Pathologic: skeletal muscle cells decrease with decreased workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, tissue pressure/compression
Cellular adaptations
Reversible functional and structural responses caused by stresses (changes in physiologic states and pathologic stimuli) => formation of a new steady state but can return to normal
squamous
squamous tumor
- carcinoma
maligant epithelial neoplasm
rhabdomyo-
skeletal muscle tumor
leiomyo-
smooth muscle tumor
Nondividing cells
- Fully differentiated cells/tissues in the adult that can’t divide or enter the cell cycle
- Irreplaceable; lost tissue replaced by scar tissue
- Ex: adult neurons, adult cardiac myoctyes, adult skeletal muscle cells
Neoplasia
Unregulated clonal proliferation of abnormal cells often forming a mass (benign or malignant)
