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Biology > Celluar Respiration And Fermentation > Flashcards

Celluar Respiration And Fermentation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mitochondrial disease?

A

Genetic mutation in mitochondria

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2
Q

What is the connection between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen which is used in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration then produces carbon dioxide and water which plants need

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3
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

Process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP in plants and animals

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4
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 = ATP + H2O + CO2

Glucose + oxygen = ATP + water + carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

To change glucose into ATP

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6
Q

What are thee three stages of cellular respiration? Are they aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Glycolysis - anaerobic
Citric acid cycle - aerobic
Electron Transport Chain- aerobic

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7
Q

What does anaerobic and aerobic mean?

A

Anaerobic - no oxygen

Aerobic - oxygen

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8
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate

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9
Q

What does glycolysis use in the reactions?

A

Enzymes

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

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11
Q

What does glycolysis produce and what are they used for?

A

2 pyruvate - used in the citric acid cycle

2 ATP- energy for the cell

2 NADH - electron carrier

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12
Q

What happens after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria

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13
Q

What does every turn in the citric acid cycle yeild?

A

1 ATP
4 NADH
1 FADH2
Byproduct: 3 CO2

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14
Q

How many times does the citric acid cycle turn per glucose molecule?

A

2

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15
Q

After the second turn what does the citric acid cycle yield?

A

2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2
Byproduct: 6 CO2

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16
Q

What electron carriers are used in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH

FADH2

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17
Q

What is the purpose and function of the electron transport chain?

A

Use electron carriers to pass electrons down the chain and slowly release energy to form ATP and water molecules

18
Q

What part of cellular respiration transfers the most energy? How much is it?

A

Electron transport chain

32-34 ATP

19
Q

Overall how much ATP is made during cellular respiration?

A

36-38

20
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration that can follow glycolysis instead to produce energy - used when oxygen is not available

21
Q

Why isn’t fermentation used more often than cellular respiration?

A

Not as efficient, produces far fewer ATP

22
Q

What are the 2 types of fermentation?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation

23
Q

When does lactic acid fermentation occur

A

In muscle cells during exercise when a lot of energy is required and oxygen is scarce

24
Q

What are the reactants and products of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Reactants: glucose and pyruvic acid

Products: lactic acid and ATP

25
Q

Where is lactic acid cover yes to from the muscle cells?

A

The liver where it is converted back into pyruvic acid

26
Q

Where is lactic acid fermentation often found?

A

Food - yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchi

27
Q

What are the reactants and products of alcoholic fermentation?

A

Reactants: glucose, pyruvic acid

Products: alcohol (ethanol), carbon dioxide, ATP

28
Q

What are examples of types of cells that can undergo alcoholic fermentation?

A

Yeast and bacteria

29
Q

What causes bread to rise?

A

Bubbles formed by the CO2 from alcoholic fermentation

30
Q

What turns grape juice into wine?

A

The alcohol released from alcoholic fermentation

31
Q

Why would organisms ever need to undergo fermentation?

A

If oxygen is unavailable

32
Q

During glycolysis glucose is…

A

Partially broken down and some of its stored energy is released

33
Q

Both lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation produce…

A

NAD+ from NADH and H+

34
Q

The efficiency of glycolysis is about…

A

2%

35
Q

The anaerobic pathways provide enough energy to meet all of the energy needs of…

A

Many unicellular and multi-cellular organisms

36
Q

What are the energy containing products of glycolysis?

A

ATP
NADH
pyruvic acid

37
Q

The starting substance of the citric acid cycle which is regenerated at the end of the cycle is…

A

Oxaloacetic acid

38
Q

The electron transport chain…

A

Generates O2 from h2O

39
Q

The maximum efficiency of aerobic respiration is…

A

39%

40
Q

In the citric acid cycle, what molecule acquires most of the beefy that is released by the oxidation of acetyl CoA and how many of these molecules are produced during each turn?

A

NADH - 3 molecules

41
Q

Which reactions of aerobic respiration occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Electron transport chain

42
Q

How is the structure of mitochondria well adapted for the activities it carries out?

A

It has a large surface area which means more room for the electron transport chain which means more ATP produced

Biology (6 decks)

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