Cells: The Living Units

Question 1

What are the three basic parts of human cells?

Answer 1

1) Plasma membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus

Question 2

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

The flexible outer boundary

Question 3

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 3

Intracellular fluid containing organelles

Question 4

What is the nucleus?

Answer 4

DNA containing control center

Question 5

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 5

Mechanical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradient, community and cell signaling.

Question 6

What are 3 components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 6

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Question 7

Where are glycolipids found?

Answer 7

Only on the outer membrane surface

Question 8

What are the 2 membrane proteins?

Answer 8

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins.

Question 9

What are the functions of integral proteins?

Answer 9

It functions as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors.

Question 10

What are the functions of peripheral proteins?

Answer 10

The proteins function as enzymes and cell-to cell connections.

Question 11

True or false. Most cells are bound together to form tissues and organs.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What are 3 ways cells can be bound to each other?

Answer 12

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

Question 13

What is a tight junction?

Answer 13

An integral protein on adjacent cells fuse to form an impermeable junction that encircles the whole cell.

Question 14

What is the function of tight junctions?

Answer 14

To prevent fluids and most molecules from moving in between cells

Question 15

Desmosomes allow ______ between cells, reducing the possibility of tearing under tension.

Answer 15

“give”

Question 16

Desmosomes are like what?

Answer 16

Zipper

Question 17

Gap junctions allow what?

Answer 17

Electrical signals to be passed quickly from one cell to the next.

Question 18

What membrane is selectively permerable?

Answer 18

Plasma membrane

Question 19

What are the 2 ways the substances cross membranes?

Answer 19

Passive and Active

Question 20

What are examples of passive diffusion?

Answer 20

Simple, facilitated, and osmosis

Question 21

Active processes require ATP. True or False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What are 2 examples of facilitated diffusions?

Answer 22

Carrier-mediated and channel-mediated.

Question 23

What is osmosis?

Answer 23

The movement of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 24

Isotonic solution

Answer 24

Concentration of water is the same inside and outside of the cell

Question 25

Hypertonic solution

Answer 25

The concentration of water is higher outside of the cell. The cell shrivels. Occurs when you are dehydrated.

Question 26

Hypotonic solution

Answer 26

The concentration of water is higher inside the cell. The cell inflates. Occurs when you are over hydrated.

Question 27

Active transport moves against the concentration gradient. True or false.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are the 4 types of vesicular transport?

Answer 28

Endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis, and vesicular trafficking.

Question 29

What is endocytosis?

Answer 29

Transport into the cell

Question 30

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

Answer 30

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 31

What is exocytosis?

Answer 31

Transport out of the cell

Question 32

What is transcytosis?

Answer 32

Transport into, across, and then out of the cell

Question 33

What is vesicular trafficking?

Answer 33

Transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

Question 34

Membranes allow for compartmentalization, which is crucial to cell functioning. True or false.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What are membranous organelles?

Answer 35

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes.

Question 36

What are the non-membranous organelles?

Answer 36

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

Question 37

Function of ribosomes

Answer 37

Site of protein synthesis

Question 38

What are two types of ribosomes?

Answer 38

Free and membrane-bound

Question 39

What are the 2 types of ER?

Answer 39

Smooth and rough

Question 40

Function of Rough ER

Answer 40

Site of protein synthesis that will be secreted from cell. Site of synthesis of many plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids

Question 41

Smooth ER is a network of looped tubules continuous with rough ER. True or False.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Enzymes within this membrane function in what?

Answer 42

Lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, storage and release of calcium

Question 43

Function of Golgi apparatus

Answer 43

Modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER

Question 44

When a cell is injured what happens to the lysosome?

Answer 44

It ruptures and the cell digests itself

Question 45

What are the functions of lysosomes?

Answer 45

Digest bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Degrade nonfunctional organelles. Breakdown and release glycogen. Breakdown and release Ca 2+ from bone.

Question 46

Function of peroxisomes

Answer 46

To detoxify harmful substances & neutralize free radicals. Typically found in liver and kidneys

Question 47

What are free radicals?

Answer 47

Toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by products of cellular metabolism.

Question 48

What are the 3 types of rods found in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 48

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 49

What are examples of cellular extensions?

Answer 49

Flagella, cilia, microvilli

Question 50

What type of cell does not have a nucleus?

Answer 50

Red blood cells

Question 51

What are the 3 main structures?

Answer 51

Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin.

Question 52

What holds the code for protein synthesis, which dictates the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide?

Answer 52

DNA

Question 53

What is the segment of DNA with a code for one polypeptide?

Answer 53

Gene

Question 54

What are the 4 nucleotide bases?

Answer 54

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.

Question 55

What is a triplet code?

Answer 55

Three sequential bases that specify code for a particular amino acid

Question 56

What is the purpose of RNA?

Answer 56

It is the copy of the DNA code that is carried into the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

Question 57

What is single stranded?

Answer 57

RNA

Question 58

Uracil is used instead of what?

Answer 58

Thymine

Question 59

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Answer 59

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

Question 60

What contains the code copied from DNA template strand?

Answer 60

mRNA

Question 61

What forms ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs?

Answer 61

rRNA

Question 62

What carries aa to ribosome?

Answer 62

tRNA

Question 63

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 63

Transcription and translation

Question 64

What occurs during transcription?

Answer 64

DNA information is coded in mRNA

Question 65

What occurs during translation?

Answer 65

mRNA is decoded to assemble polypeptides

Question 66

What unzips DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to growing mRNA, matching sequence of bases on DNA template strand.

Answer 66

RNA polymerase

Question 67

A three-base sequence on mRNA is called?

Answer 67

Codon

Question 68

How many possible codons are there?

Answer 68

64

Question 69

How many stop codons are there?

Answer 69

3

Question 70

Aa are represented by more than one codon. True or false.

Answer 70

True

Question 71

What type of RNA contains the anticodon?

Answer 71

tRNA

Question 72

What only binds to the codon on the mRNA?

Answer 72

The anticodon

Question 73

Anticodon sequence of tRNA is identical to template DNA sequence, except uracil is substituted for thymine. True or False.

Answer 73

True