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A+P > Cells: The Living Units > Flashcards

Cells: The Living Units Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three basic parts of human cells?

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus

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2
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The flexible outer boundary

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Intracellular fluid containing organelles

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

DNA containing control center

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5
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Mechanical barrier, selective permeability, electrochemical gradient, community and cell signaling.

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6
Q

What are 3 components of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

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7
Q

Where are glycolipids found?

A

Only on the outer membrane surface

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8
Q

What are the 2 membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins.

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9
Q

What are the functions of integral proteins?

A

It functions as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors.

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10
Q

What are the functions of peripheral proteins?

A

The proteins function as enzymes and cell-to cell connections.

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11
Q

True or false. Most cells are bound together to form tissues and organs.

A

True

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12
Q

What are 3 ways cells can be bound to each other?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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13
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

An integral protein on adjacent cells fuse to form an impermeable junction that encircles the whole cell.

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14
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

To prevent fluids and most molecules from moving in between cells

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15
Q

Desmosomes allow ______ between cells, reducing the possibility of tearing under tension.

A

“give”

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16
Q

Desmosomes are like what?

A

Zipper

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17
Q

Gap junctions allow what?

A

Electrical signals to be passed quickly from one cell to the next.

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18
Q

What membrane is selectively permerable?

A

Plasma membrane

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19
Q

What are the 2 ways the substances cross membranes?

A

Passive and Active

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20
Q

What are examples of passive diffusion?

A

Simple, facilitated, and osmosis

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21
Q

Active processes require ATP. True or False

A

True

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22
Q

What are 2 examples of facilitated diffusions?

A

Carrier-mediated and channel-mediated.

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23
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane

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24
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Concentration of water is the same inside and outside of the cell

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25
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

The concentration of water is higher outside of the cell. The cell shrivels. Occurs when you are dehydrated.

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26
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

The concentration of water is higher inside the cell. The cell inflates. Occurs when you are over hydrated.

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27
Q

Active transport moves against the concentration gradient. True or false.

A

True

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28
Q

What are the 4 types of vesicular transport?

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis, and vesicular trafficking.

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29
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Transport into the cell

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

31
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Transport out of the cell

32
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Transport into, across, and then out of the cell

33
Q

What is vesicular trafficking?

A

Transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

34
Q

Membranes allow for compartmentalization, which is crucial to cell functioning. True or false.

A

True

35
Q

What are membranous organelles?

A

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes.

36
Q

What are the non-membranous organelles?

A

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles

37
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

38
Q

What are two types of ribosomes?

A

Free and membrane-bound

39
Q

What are the 2 types of ER?

A

Smooth and rough

40
Q

Function of Rough ER

A

Site of protein synthesis that will be secreted from cell.
Site of synthesis of many plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids

41
Q

Smooth ER is a network of looped tubules continuous with rough ER. True or False.

A

True

42
Q

Enzymes within this membrane function in what?

A

Lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, storage and release of calcium

43
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies, concentrates and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER

44
Q

When a cell is injured what happens to the lysosome?

A

It ruptures and the cell digests itself

45
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

Digest bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
Degrade nonfunctional organelles.
Breakdown and release glycogen.
Breakdown and release Ca 2+ from bone.

46
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

To detoxify harmful substances & neutralize free radicals. Typically found in liver and kidneys

47
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by products of cellular metabolism.

48
Q

What are the 3 types of rods found in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

49
Q

What are examples of cellular extensions?

A

Flagella, cilia, microvilli

50
Q

What type of cell does not have a nucleus?

A

Red blood cells

51
Q

What are the 3 main structures?

A

Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin.

52
Q

What holds the code for protein synthesis, which dictates the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide?

A

DNA

53
Q

What is the segment of DNA with a code for one polypeptide?

A

Gene

54
Q

What are the 4 nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.

55
Q

What is a triplet code?

A

Three sequential bases that specify code for a particular amino acid

56
Q

What is the purpose of RNA?

A

It is the copy of the DNA code that is carried into the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

57
Q

What is single stranded?

A

RNA

58
Q

Uracil is used instead of what?

A

Thymine

59
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

60
Q

What contains the code copied from DNA template strand?

A

mRNA

61
Q

What forms ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs?

A

rRNA

62
Q

What carries aa to ribosome?

A

tRNA

63
Q

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

64
Q

What occurs during transcription?

A

DNA information is coded in mRNA

65
Q

What occurs during translation?

A

mRNA is decoded to assemble polypeptides

66
Q

What unzips DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to growing mRNA, matching sequence of bases on DNA template strand.

A

RNA polymerase

67
Q

A three-base sequence on mRNA is called?

A

Codon

68
Q

How many possible codons are there?

A

64

69
Q

How many stop codons are there?

A

3

70
Q

Aa are represented by more than one codon. True or false.

A

True

71
Q

What type of RNA contains the anticodon?

A

tRNA

72
Q

What only binds to the codon on the mRNA?

A

The anticodon

73
Q

Anticodon sequence of tRNA is identical to template DNA sequence, except uracil is substituted for thymine. True or False.

A

True

A+P (9 decks)

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