cells - Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Question 1

what is the nuclear envelope

Answer 1

the nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. it controls what comes in and out of the cell and is where the nucleic reactions occur

Question 2

what are the nuclear pores

Answer 2

allows the transport of large molecules out of the nucleus such as messenger RNA

Question 3

what is the nucleoplasm

Answer 3

a granular, jelly-like material that makes up the majority of the nucleus

Question 4

what are chromosomes

Answer 4

chromosomes consist of protein bound, linear DNA

Question 5

what is the nucleolus

Answer 5

produces mRNA and tRNA, retains chromosomes and DNA and produces RNA and ribosomes

Question 6

what is the function of the mitochondria

Answer 6

aerobic respiration

Question 7

what controls what enters and exits the mitochondria

Answer 7

a double membrane

Question 8

what is the cristae

Answer 8

the inner membrane of the mitochondria that is folded to provide a large surface area for enzymes and proteins involved in aerobic respiration

Question 9

what is the matrix

Answer 9

contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA which allows mitochondria to make their own proteins

Question 10

what is the chloroplast envelope

Answer 10

a double membrane that surrounds the chloroplast and controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 11

what are the grana

Answer 11

the grana is stacks of thylakoids up to 100 tall

Question 12

what are thylakoids

Answer 12

segments of the grana which contain chlorophyll and is where the first step of photosynthesis occurs - light absorption

Question 13

what Is the stroma

Answer 13

the stroma is a fluid-filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis occurs - synthesis of sugars

Question 14

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 14

provides a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

Question 15

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 15

synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

Question 16

what are the 5 functions of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 16

1. form glycoproteins
2. produce secretary enzymes
3. secrete carbohydrates
4. transport, modify and store lipids
5. form lysosomes

Question 17

what do lysosomes do (2 things)

Answer 17

1. perform autolysis - break down dead cells

2. hydrolyse material ingested by pathogenic cells

Question 18

what do ribosomes do

Answer 18

ribosomes perform protein synthesis by two units - containing DNA - that scribe codes for specific proteins

Question 19

what are eukaryotic cell walls made of

Answer 19

cellulose

Question 20

name two functions of the cell wall

Answer 20

1. provides mechanical strength to cell and plant

2. allows water to pass along it so contributes to the movement of water thought a plant

Question 21

what is a vacuole

Answer 21

a fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane

Question 22

name 2 functions of the vacuole

Answer 22

1. supports herbaceous plants by making cells turgid

2. pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects