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Cells as the Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are microscopes

A

instruments that produce a magnified image of an object

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2
Q

What is the resolution of a microscope

A

the minimum distance apart that two objects can be in order for them to appear as separate items

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3
Q

What does resolution/resolving power depend on

A

the wavelength or form of radiation used

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4
Q

What is another word for resolution

A

resolving power

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5
Q

What does greater resolution mean for the image

A

greater clarity

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6
Q

What does greater clarity mean

A

the image produced is clearer and more precise

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7
Q

What organisms are eukaryotic cells found in

A

animals, plants, fungi, algae

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8
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont

A

1) cellulose cell wall
2) plastids
3) vacuole
4) chloroplasts

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9
Q

What cells do algae cells have the same organelle as

A

plants

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10
Q

What does the nucleus do

A

contains the organisms hereditary material & controls the cells activities

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11
Q

What is the nuclear envelope +functions

A

double membrane that surrounds the nucleous.

controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus, contains the reactions taking place within.

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12
Q

What do chromosomes consist of

A

protein-bound linear DNA

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13
Q

What is the nucleolus +function

A

small spherical region within the nucleoplasm. manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.

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14
Q

Is there more than 1 nucleolus in the nucleus.

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are chloroplasts function

A

the organelles that carry out photosynthesis

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16
Q

Which part of the cell makes the basic amino acid chain for proteins

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

packaging protein

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18
Q

Which part of the cell is made up of a network of filaments that maintains the cell structure?

A

Cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Which is NOT found in a prokaryotic cell? (3)

A 
Nuclues 
centrioles
mitochondria
Golgi
vacuoles
chloroplasts
ER
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20
Q

Specialised cells found in

A

Many cell organisms

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21
Q

Active transport uses _____

A

energy

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22
Q

active transport

A

engulfing transport proteins

protein with energy against concentration gradient

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23
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion

osmosis

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24
Q

A _____ is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

A

TISSUE

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25
field of view
measure dFOV grid under low power
26
micrometres conversion
1mm =1,000 Mm
27
Types of investigations
Primary investigation- primary data/primary source Ex. conducting experiments in lab Secondary source investigation- secondary data/secondary source ex.researching publish data
28
Variables
Dependent- changed in response to in. variable, measured and observed Controlled variables- variables kept constant
29
Qualitative vs quantitative
Qualitative- can be observed | Quantitative- can be measured
30
Steps to scientific report
title into Hypothesis - state relation between variables Purpose - describe what is going to be investigated equipment variavles Method Risks assesment- identify, asses and control hazards. Results- qualitative, quantitative Discussion-validity, reliability, accuracy, precision Conclusion- no generalisations references or bib
31
Validity, reliability, accuracy, precision
Validity- addressing hypothesis and purpose Reliability- repeatable Accuracy- correct measurement, no systematic errors Precision- same measurement, no random errors
32
Lab chemicals can enter body in 3 ways
Ingestion, inhalation, absorption
33
Graphing (salt)
Salt Axes Linear Title
34
Cell membrane
Separate cell from outside environment Double layer of phospholid molecules, contain protein molcules in various size, as well as fatty molecules. Semipermable
35
Cytoplasm
Fluid between cell membrane and nucleus. | Consists of cytosol, a jelly like substance with more than 80% water and contains ions, salts and organic molecules
36
DNA
Carries hereditary information, passsed from parents to offspring
37
Ribsomes
responsible for synthesis of proteins
38
5 kingdoms
``` Monera- bacteria Protista- amoeba Fungi- mushrooms Plante Animalia ```
39
Gram stainng
Gram positive- purple | Gram negative- pink
40
Bacteria vs archaea
Different lipid structure
41
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Unicellular smaller, less complex than eukaryotic cells Not membrane bound Large surface area relative to volume- Replicates quickly 1 singular dna chromosome (genophore) in nucleoid ``` Can be uni and multi Larger, specialised structure and functions Organellles bound by memebrane Small sa: V ratio + slower dffusion Linear chromosone in nucleus ```
42
Organelle membrane function
Control movement of substances between organelle
43
nucleus
membrane | contains genetic instructions for cell replication, growth, repair and function
44
rough er
membrane rough- ribosines make proteins for use outside cell
45
smooth er
membrane synthesis lipids make horomones and removes toxins in cell
46
golgi apparatus
membrane | processes and package and modifies proteins
47
lysosome
membrane digests cellullar waste material and foreig matter contain digestive enzymes
48
mitpchondrion
membrane energy from organic compunds powerhouse of cell
49
chloroplast
makes food for plants | using light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose
50
centriole
invoved in cell division and formations of cell structure
51
cilium or flagellum
movement of subtsances across cell surface
52
vacuole
membrane used for storage, involved in cell structure in plant cells
53
plastid
synthesis, stores various organic molecules
54
cell wall
cell structure and protection
55
Internal environemnt
``` Temperature Oxygen concen Ph Carbon dioxide concen Osmotic pressure Glucose concen ```
56
External environemnt
Extracelluar fluid in direct contact w cell membrane
57
phospholid nature
imperable to water soluble artiles, ions and polar molecules.
58
Cell membrane proteins
select channels thT enable water solubale perticles and ions to tevale through the cell membrane Communicate with external environmet znd other cells
59
where do cells exchange nutrients
Cell exhange nutrients and wste with their enivroment across cell memebrane through chnell proteins
60
calculate length of cell
field of view / number of cells
61
Cytology
Study of cells
62
Types of micoscopes
Light, electron, audiography, synchroton
63
Light micrscope
Flourescence microscopy Examine cells with flourecing material to be seen afainst black ground. Used to visulaize structures and materials thta are usually too small to view. Confocal micropscopy
64
Electron microscopes
Uses electron beam (focused by electromagnets) to stike specimen absorbed, scattered or passed through. Black and white Transmission electron microscopy Travels through an ultra thin section of specimen Scanning electon microsope
65
AUtoradiography
Using both light and electron. Tissure treated with radioactively labeled substace. Idenitifys specific oragenelles or location of moolecules wihtin cell or tissue.
66
Synchroton
Large machine beams electrons, powerful magents, acceleated at speed if lights. View at atomic scale
67
Diffusion
Particles in solution move from high concentartion area to low concentration Doesnt need memebrane
68
Simple vs faciliated diffusion
Faciliated through selective channels simpleincolbe solutes ht are permeable
69
Osmosis
Water moces ggtom an area of high concentration to low concentration
70
Concentration gradient
Process or particles (solutes)n moving through an area with high number of particles to lower one. Usually seperated by a memebrane.
71
Rate of diffusion
Measured by change in maass ogve time
72
3 factors affecing trate of diffusion
Concentration Temperature Particle size
73
Microbiology
Study of microoganisms
74
Wet mount steps
``` Clean glass slides and cover slip no fingerprints Place thin section specimen in centre Add drop of water edgy of cover slip just toucghing mediu, Using needles Dry slide- never floasting ```
75
Surface area to volume ratio
Smaller tha surface area to volume ratio the quicker the diffusion
76
Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid functiom
Protein- cells structure Carbohydrate- respiration lipids- energy storage Nucleic acids- genetic informtation, controlling function of cell snd orgsnism
77
Size increases the surface area to volume of cell ___
Decreases
78
Exocytosis vs endocytosis
exo- moving out, endo-moving in
79
Autrophs
Uses energy and inorganic molecules to produce prganic ompounds through a process; fixation. Usually photsynthetic
80
Heterophs
Obtain organic compounds by eatingg ither organisms or proudcts
81
Excretion
Reomval of substances thhat once formed part of body

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