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Science > Cells as the Basis of Life > Flashcards

Cells as the Basis of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are microscopes

A

instruments that produce a magnified image of an object

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2
Q

What is the resolution of a microscope

A

the minimum distance apart that two objects can be in order for them to appear as separate items

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3
Q

What does resolution/resolving power depend on

A

the wavelength or form of radiation used

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4
Q

What is another word for resolution

A

resolving power

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5
Q

What does greater resolution mean for the image

A

greater clarity

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6
Q

What does greater clarity mean

A

the image produced is clearer and more precise

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7
Q

What organisms are eukaryotic cells found in

A

animals, plants, fungi, algae

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8
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont

A

1) cellulose cell wall
2) plastids
3) vacuole
4) chloroplasts

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9
Q

What cells do algae cells have the same organelle as

A

plants

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10
Q

What does the nucleus do

A

contains the organisms hereditary material & controls the cells activities

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11
Q

What is the nuclear envelope +functions

A

double membrane that surrounds the nucleous.

controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus, contains the reactions taking place within.

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12
Q

What do chromosomes consist of

A

protein-bound linear DNA

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13
Q

What is the nucleolus +function

A

small spherical region within the nucleoplasm. manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.

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14
Q

Is there more than 1 nucleolus in the nucleus.

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are chloroplasts function

A

the organelles that carry out photosynthesis

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16
Q

Which part of the cell makes the basic amino acid chain for proteins

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

packaging protein

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18
Q

Which part of the cell is made up of a network of filaments that maintains the cell structure?

A

Cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Which is NOT found in a prokaryotic cell? (3)

A 
Nuclues 
centrioles
mitochondria
Golgi
vacuoles
chloroplasts
ER
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20
Q

Specialised cells found in

A

Many cell organisms

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21
Q

Active transport uses _____

A

energy

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22
Q

active transport

A

engulfing transport proteins

protein with energy against concentration gradient

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23
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion

osmosis

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24
Q

A _____ is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

A

TISSUE

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25
Q

field of view

A

measure dFOV grid under low power

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26
Q

micrometres conversion

A

1mm =1,000 Mm

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27
Q

Types of investigations

A

Primary investigation- primary data/primary source Ex. conducting experiments in lab
Secondary source investigation- secondary data/secondary source ex.researching publish data

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28
Q

Variables

A

Dependent- changed in response to in. variable, measured and observed
Controlled variables- variables kept constant

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29
Q

Qualitative vs quantitative

A

Qualitative- can be observed

Quantitative- can be measured

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30
Q

Steps to scientific report

A

title
into
Hypothesis - state relation between variables
Purpose - describe what is going to be investigated
equipment
variavles
Method
Risks assesment- identify, asses and control hazards.
Results- qualitative, quantitative
Discussion-validity, reliability, accuracy, precision
Conclusion- no generalisations
references or bib

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31
Q

Validity, reliability, accuracy, precision

A

Validity- addressing hypothesis and purpose
Reliability- repeatable
Accuracy- correct measurement, no systematic errors
Precision- same measurement, no random errors

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32
Q

Lab chemicals can enter body in 3 ways

A

Ingestion, inhalation, absorption

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33
Q

Graphing (salt)

A

Salt
Axes
Linear
Title

34
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separate cell from outside environment
Double layer of phospholid molecules, contain protein molcules in various size, as well as fatty molecules.
Semipermable

35
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid between cell membrane and nucleus.

Consists of cytosol, a jelly like substance with more than 80% water and contains ions, salts and organic molecules

36
Q

DNA

A

Carries hereditary information, passsed from parents to offspring

37
Q

Ribsomes

A

responsible for synthesis of proteins

38
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Monera- bacteria
Protista- amoeba
Fungi- mushrooms 
Plante
Animalia
39
Q

Gram stainng

A

Gram positive- purple

Gram negative- pink

40
Q

Bacteria vs archaea

A

Different lipid structure

41
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Unicellular
smaller, less complex than eukaryotic cells
Not membrane bound
Large surface area relative to volume- Replicates quickly
1 singular dna chromosome (genophore) in nucleoid

Can be uni and multi
Larger, specialised structure and functions
Organellles bound by memebrane
Small sa: V ratio + slower dffusion
Linear chromosone in nucleus
42
Q

Organelle membrane function

A

Control movement of substances between organelle

43
Q

nucleus

A

membrane

contains genetic instructions for cell replication, growth, repair and function

44
Q

rough er

A

membrane
rough- ribosines
make proteins for use outside cell

45
Q

smooth er

A

membrane
synthesis lipids
make horomones and removes toxins in cell

46
Q

golgi apparatus

A

membrane

processes and package and modifies proteins

47
Q

lysosome

A

membrane
digests cellullar waste material and foreig matter
contain digestive enzymes

48
Q

mitpchondrion

A

membrane
energy from organic compunds
powerhouse of cell

49
Q

chloroplast

A

makes food for plants

using light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose

50
Q

centriole

A

invoved in cell division and formations of cell structure

51
Q

cilium or flagellum

A

movement of subtsances across cell surface

52
Q

vacuole

A

membrane
used for storage,
involved in cell structure in plant cells

53
Q

plastid

A

synthesis, stores various organic molecules

54
Q

cell wall

A

cell structure and protection

55
Q

Internal environemnt

A 
Temperature
Oxygen concen
Ph
Carbon dioxide concen
Osmotic pressure
Glucose concen
56
Q

External environemnt

A

Extracelluar fluid in direct contact w cell membrane

57
Q

phospholid nature

A

imperable to water soluble artiles, ions and polar molecules.

58
Q

Cell membrane proteins

A

select channels thT enable water solubale perticles and ions to tevale through the cell membrane
Communicate with external environmet znd other cells

59
Q

where do cells exchange nutrients

A

Cell exhange nutrients and wste with their enivroment across cell memebrane through chnell proteins

60
Q

calculate length of cell

A

field of view / number of cells

61
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

62
Q

Types of micoscopes

A

Light, electron, audiography, synchroton

63
Q

Light micrscope

A

Flourescence microscopy
Examine cells with flourecing material to be seen afainst black ground. Used to visulaize structures and materials thta are usually too small to view.

Confocal micropscopy

64
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Uses electron beam (focused by electromagnets) to stike specimen absorbed, scattered or passed through. Black and white
Transmission electron microscopy
Travels through an ultra thin section of specimen

Scanning electon microsope

65
Q

AUtoradiography

A

Using both light and electron. Tissure treated with radioactively labeled substace. Idenitifys specific oragenelles or location of moolecules wihtin cell or tissue.

66
Q

Synchroton

A

Large machine beams electrons, powerful magents, acceleated at speed if lights. View at atomic scale

67
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles in solution move from high concentartion area to low concentration
Doesnt need memebrane

68
Q

Simple vs faciliated diffusion

A

Faciliated through selective channels simpleincolbe solutes ht are permeable

69
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moces ggtom an area of high concentration to low concentration

70
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Process or particles (solutes)n moving through an area with high number of particles to lower one. Usually seperated by a memebrane.

71
Q

Rate of diffusion

A

Measured by change in maass ogve time

72
Q

3 factors affecing trate of diffusion

A

Concentration
Temperature
Particle size

73
Q

Microbiology

A

Study of microoganisms

74
Q

Wet mount steps

A 
Clean glass slides and cover slip no fingerprints
Place thin section specimen in centre
Add drop of water 
edgy of cover slip just toucghing mediu,
Using needles
Dry slide- never floasting
75
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

Smaller tha surface area to volume ratio the quicker the diffusion

76
Q

Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid functiom

A

Protein- cells structure
Carbohydrate- respiration
lipids- energy storage
Nucleic acids- genetic informtation, controlling function of cell snd orgsnism

77
Q

Size increases the surface area to volume of cell ___

A

Decreases

78
Q

Exocytosis vs endocytosis

A

exo- moving out, endo-moving in

79
Q

Autrophs

A

Uses energy and inorganic molecules to produce prganic ompounds through a process; fixation. Usually photsynthetic

80
Q

Heterophs

A

Obtain organic compounds by eatingg ither organisms or proudcts

81
Q

Excretion

A

Reomval of substances thhat once formed part of body

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