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PTRS 882 - Exam 1 and 2 > Cells and Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores DNA

Ribosomal RNA made here

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2
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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3
Q

ER

A

Folds proteins into their shapes

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4
Q

Golgi

A

Packages synthesized materials into vesicles which are stored here or secreted

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP production

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

Phagocytosis

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Lipid bilayer that covers cell

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8
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

DNA and RNA

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9
Q

Proteins

A

Enzymes
Catalysts
Antibodies

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10
Q

Lipids

A

Structural
Membrane formation
Signaling molecules

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Cell energy

Structural

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12
Q

Genes

A

1 gene contains information for one protein

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13
Q

DNA Replication Process

A

Double helix unwound by helicase -> two new strands are formed from the original DNA by complimentary binding of base pairs
Semi-conservative- each contain one strand of the original DNA and one new strand

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14
Q

mRNA

A

Takes RNA template to create proteins

Only codes for one gene

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15
Q

rRNA

A

Part of ribosome structure

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16
Q

tRNA

A

Transports amino acids to make proteins

Complimentary binding with mRNA to form proteins

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17
Q

How many total AA’s are there?

A

20

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18
Q

Which RNA mutation is the most serious?

A

rRNA, all ribosomal RNA is defective, so all sections that create protein are affected

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19
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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20
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

21
Q

Diffusion

A

High to low concentration

No energy required

22
Q

Osmosis

A

Water/solvent from low to high concentration of solvent

No energy required

23
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Solute moves from high to low concentration of solute
Through protein channel or carrier protein in semipermeable membrane
No energy required

24
Q

Active Transport

A

ATP helps protein pump moved from low to high solute concentration
APTase breaks down ATP to create energy

25
Q

Anaerobic Respiration (Glycolysis)

A

1 molecule of glucose -> 2 molecules of ATP

End product is pyruvic acid

26
Q

Aerobic Respiration (Citric Acid Cycle)

A

1 molecule of glucose -> 34 molecules of ATP

27
Q

Receptors

A

Communication via hormones, growth factors, chemical transmitted and drugs

28
Q

Channels

A

Communication via ions

29
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Cell converts extracellular signal or stimulus to intracellular

30
Q

G-protein coupled receptor

A

Includes receptor, ligand (primary messenger), intracellular signaling molecules and target proteins

31
Q

Enzyme linked receptor

A

One transmembrane domain linking extracellular ligand-binding domain with intracellular tyrosine kinase domain

32
Q

Ion-channel receptor

A

Ligand is absent, no current passes through channel

Ligand is present, small current flows allowing channel to open and specific ions to pass through

33
Q

Excessive reproduction growth

A

Prevented by inhibitors inside cell

34
Q

Telomere

A

Pieces of DNA

Portion lost with each cell division until telomere is gone

35
Q

Proliferation

A

Increase in number of cells

36
Q

Differentiation

A

Specialization of cells

37
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division

38
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

39
Q

Metaplasia

A

Cell type replaced by different cell type due to chronic irritation
(Smoking)

40
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells vary in size and shape in response to irritation of mutation

41
Q

Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
Can’t perform initial funciton

42
Q

Neoplasm

A

New growth or tumor

43
Q

Ischemia

A

Oxygen deficit due to reduced blood supply

44
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficit due to reduced oxygen in breathed air

45
Q

Oxygen deficits interfere with what?

A

Energy production
Increase flux of calcium inside cell
Increases anaerobic metabolism -> dec pH

46
Q

Apoptosis

A

“Programmed death”

Cells self destruct if there are too many or injured

47
Q

Necrosis

A

Disrupted cell metabolism

Membrane disintegrates and cell swells and ruptures

48
Q

Vitamin E does what?

A

Prevents damage from free radicals

PTRS 882 - Exam 1 and 2 (6 decks)

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