Cells and Tissue Flashcards
Nucleus
Stores DNA
Ribosomal RNA made here
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
ER
Folds proteins into their shapes
Golgi
Packages synthesized materials into vesicles which are stored here or secreted
Mitochondria
ATP production
Lysosomes
Phagocytosis
Cytoskeleton
Lipid bilayer that covers cell
Nucleic Acid
DNA and RNA
Proteins
Enzymes
Catalysts
Antibodies
Lipids
Structural
Membrane formation
Signaling molecules
Carbohydrates
Cell energy
Structural
Genes
1 gene contains information for one protein
DNA Replication Process
Double helix unwound by helicase -> two new strands are formed from the original DNA by complimentary binding of base pairs
Semi-conservative- each contain one strand of the original DNA and one new strand
mRNA
Takes RNA template to create proteins
Only codes for one gene
rRNA
Part of ribosome structure
tRNA
Transports amino acids to make proteins
Complimentary binding with mRNA to form proteins
How many total AA’s are there?
20
Which RNA mutation is the most serious?
rRNA, all ribosomal RNA is defective, so all sections that create protein are affected
Transcription
DNA to RNA
Translation
RNA to protein
Diffusion
High to low concentration
No energy required
Osmosis
Water/solvent from low to high concentration of solvent
No energy required
Facilitated Diffusion
Solute moves from high to low concentration of solute
Through protein channel or carrier protein in semipermeable membrane
No energy required
Active Transport
ATP helps protein pump moved from low to high solute concentration
APTase breaks down ATP to create energy
Anaerobic Respiration (Glycolysis)
1 molecule of glucose -> 2 molecules of ATP
End product is pyruvic acid
Aerobic Respiration (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 molecule of glucose -> 34 molecules of ATP
Receptors
Communication via hormones, growth factors, chemical transmitted and drugs
Channels
Communication via ions
Signal Transduction
Cell converts extracellular signal or stimulus to intracellular
G-protein coupled receptor
Includes receptor, ligand (primary messenger), intracellular signaling molecules and target proteins
Enzyme linked receptor
One transmembrane domain linking extracellular ligand-binding domain with intracellular tyrosine kinase domain
Ion-channel receptor
Ligand is absent, no current passes through channel
Ligand is present, small current flows allowing channel to open and specific ions to pass through
Excessive reproduction growth
Prevented by inhibitors inside cell
Telomere
Pieces of DNA
Portion lost with each cell division until telomere is gone
Proliferation
Increase in number of cells
Differentiation
Specialization of cells
Mitosis
Cell division
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
Metaplasia
Cell type replaced by different cell type due to chronic irritation
(Smoking)
Dysplasia
Cells vary in size and shape in response to irritation of mutation
Anaplasia
Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
Can’t perform initial funciton
Neoplasm
New growth or tumor
Ischemia
Oxygen deficit due to reduced blood supply
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficit due to reduced oxygen in breathed air
Oxygen deficits interfere with what?
Energy production
Increase flux of calcium inside cell
Increases anaerobic metabolism -> dec pH
Apoptosis
“Programmed death”
Cells self destruct if there are too many or injured
Necrosis
Disrupted cell metabolism
Membrane disintegrates and cell swells and ruptures
Vitamin E does what?
Prevents damage from free radicals
