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Biology > Cells and Microscopy > Flashcards

Cells and Microscopy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the two types of cell

A

Eukaryotic (animals and plants) and prokaryotic

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2
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. A prokaryotic cell does not.

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3
Q

List the components of both plant and animal cells (5)

A 
● Nucleus
● Cytoplasm
● Cell membrane 
● Mitochondria
● Ribosomes
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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Within the nucleus, arranged in chromosomes

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5
Q

Other than storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cellular activities

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

● Fluid component of the cell

● Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients

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7
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of cellular reactions e.g. first stage of respiration

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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10
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

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11
Q

Which organelles are found in plant cells only? (3)

A

● Large, permanent vacuole
● Cell wall
● Chloroplasts

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12
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

● Provides strength

● Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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14
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

A solution of salts, sugars and organic acids

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15
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity

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16
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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17
Q

When looking at a cell using a light microscope, why do chloroplasts appear green?

A

Contain chlorophyll, a green pigment

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18
Q

List the organelles found in prokaryotic cells (6)

A 
● Chromosomal DNA
● Plasmid DNA
● Cell wall
● Cell membrane
● Ribosomes
● Flagella
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19
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:

● Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)
● Plasmid DNA

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20
Q

What are plasmids?

A

● Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA

● Carry genes that provide genetic advantages e.g. antibiotic resistance

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21
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

22
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

● Long, rotating, ‘whip-like’ protrusion

● Enables bacteria to move

23
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number of chromosomes)
e.g. 23 chromosomes in humans

24
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (full set of chromosomes)
e.g. 46 chromosomes in humans

25
Q

What are gametes?

A

● Reproductive cells(e.g.egg and sperm cells)

● They are haploid cells

26
Q

Describe sexual reproduction in terms of chromosome number

A

● Two haploid gametes fuse

● Resulting embryo has two chromosomes for each gene and two copies of each allele ∴ diploid

27
Q

Describe how egg cells are adapted to their function

A

● Haploid nucleus contains genetic material

● Mitochondria in cytoplasm produce energy for the developing
embryo

● Cytoplasm contains nutrients for the developing embryo

● Cell membrane hardens after fertilisation, preventing the entry of other sperm and ensuring the zygote is diploid

28
Q

Describe how sperm cells are adapted to their function

A

● Haploid nucleus contains genetic information (23 chromosomes)

● Streamlined head and flagellum (tail) enables movement

● Mitochondria provide energy for tail movement

● Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane

29
Q

Where are ciliated epithelial cells found?

A

Found lining the surface of structures such as the respiratory tract and uterus.

30
Q

Describe the function of ciliated epithelial cells lining the airways

A

Move in synchronised waves to beat mucus (containing dirt and pathogens) up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

31
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the specimen

32
Q

How can the total magnification of an image be calculated from lens powers?

A

Total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

33
Q

How can the magnification of an image be calculated?

A

Magnification = size of image/size of specimen

34
Q

What is resolution?

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

35
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.

36
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes? (4)

A

● Inexpensive
● Easy to use
● Portable
● Observe both dead and living specimens

37
Q

What is the disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

Limited resolution

38
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

It uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.

39
Q

Name the two types of electron microscope

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

40
Q

What is the advantage of electron microscopes?

A

Greater magnification and resolution

41
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution?

A

They use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light

42
Q

How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells?

A

● Allow small sub-cellular structures (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes) to be observed in detail

● Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes? (4)

A

● Expensive
● Large so less portable
● Require training to use
● Only dead specimens can be observed

44
Q

How do you convert from m to mm?

A

× 10^3

45
Q

How do you convert from m to μm?

A

x 10^6

46
Q

How do you convert from m to nm?

A

x 10^9

47
Q

How to you convert from nm to m?

A

x 10^-9

48
Q

How do you convert from m to pm?

A

x 10^12

49
Q

Write 0.005 in standard form

A

5 x 10^-3

50
Q

Write 10382 in standard form

A

1.0382 x 10^4

51
Q

Convert 1.527 m to μm. Write your answer in standard form

A

1.527 x 10^6 μm

Biology (36 decks)

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