Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Cell Division and Growth > Flashcards

Cell Division and Growth Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

● A series of events that take place in a cell
involving cell growth, DNA replication and
cell division

● It is described as the lifecycle of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State the three stages of the cell cycle

A

Stage 1 - interphase
Stage 2 - mitosis
Stage 3 - cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is interphase?

A

The longest stage of the cell cycle that
involves cell growth, the synthesis of
new organelles and DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does DNA replication involve?

A

● Double helix ‘unzips’ exposing two strands

● DNA bases align next to complementary bases on
the DNA strands

● Complementary base pairs join

● Two identical DNA molecules formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A linear DNA molecule tightly coiled

around proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to chromosomes during DNA

replication?

A

The DNA in the ‘arm’ of each
chromosome (chromatid) is
replicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A form of cell division that produces two
diploid ‘daughter’ cells, both genetically
identical to the parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is mitosis important in organisms?

A

● Asexual reproduction
● Growth
● Repair of damaged cells
● Cell replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

State the four stages of mitosis

A

● Prophase
● Metaphase
● Anaphase
● Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline prophase

A

● DNA condenses, chromosomes become visible

● Nuclear membrane disappears

-spindle fibres form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline metaphase

A

● Chromosomes line up along the cell equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Outline anaphase

A

● Spindle fibres attach to each chromosome

● ‘Arms’ of each chromosome pulled to opposite poles

● Chromatids separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline telophase

A

● Nucleus of the cell divides
● New membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does cytokinesis involve?

A

● Division of the cell membrane and cytoplasm
● Two genetically identical ‘daughter’ cells
produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A cell divides by mitosis once every 2 minutes.
Calculate the number of identical cells present after
10 minutes

A

10 ÷ 2 = 5
5 cell divisions have taken place
2^5 = 32 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cancer?

A

● Non-communicable disease
● Uncontrolled cell division (due to damaged DNA) results
in the formation of a primary tumour
● Tumour cells break off and spread to other tissues
forming secondary tumours

17
Q

What are percentile charts?

A

● A chart used to monitor growth
● Measurements (e.g. fetal length or head
circumference) can be compared to the expected
values at a certain age

18
Q

What does the 95th percentile mean?

A

95% of measurements will be below the

value of the 95th percentile

19
Q

How do percentile charts demonstrate how you are growing?

A

● Slower growth than normal (below the bottom line)
● Faster growth than normal (above the top line)
● Abnormal growth (irregular growth patterns)

20
Q

Describe growth in animals

A

● Cell division occurs in all body cells.

● It occurs at a slower rate in adults that in younger animals as growth stops in adulthood and cell division is only required for replacement and repair.

● Most cells differentiate at an early stage and become
specialised.

● Some adult stem cells retain their ability to differentiate.

21
Q

Describe growth in plants

A

● Cell division can only occur in meristematic tissue.

● The rate of cell division remains the same throughout a plant’s life.

● Meristematic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type for as long as the plant lives

● Cell elongation occurs in all cells. Cells expand and enlarge enabling growth of the plant.

22
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that are unspecialised and capable
of differentiating into a range of different
cell types

23
Q

What is meant by ‘differentiation’?

A

● The process by which stem cells become
specialised (have a specific function)
● Some genes switch on or off, determining cell
type

24
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

It enables the formation of specialised
tissues with specific functions e.g.
muscle tissue.

25
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Stem cells found in very early embryos
that are unspecialised and capable of
differentiating into any cell type

26
Q

What is the function of embryonic stem cells?

A

Enable the growth and development of

tissues in human embryos

27
Q

What are adult stem cells?

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into a
limited range of cell types e.g. bone
marrow stem cells

28
Q

What is the primary function of adult stem cells?

A

Replacement of dead cells e.g.
replacement of red blood cells which
only live for 120 days

29
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristems

30
Q

Where is meristem tissue found?

A

In regions of the plant where cells are
continuously dividing e.g. root tips, shoot
tips

31
Q

What are meristematic stem cells?

A

Stem cells found in meristems that are
unspecialised and capable of
differentiating into any cell type during
the life of a plant

32
Q

How can stem cells be used in medicine?

A

● Stem cells collected
● Stem cells stimulated to differentiate into specific
cell types e.g. heart muscle cells
● Specialised cells transplanted into the patient
● Used to treat damage or disease e.g. heart disease

33
Q

Where can embryonic stem cells be collected from?

2

A

● Donor stem cells removed from embryos
grown in vitro
● Patient’s own stem cells removed from the
umbilical blood before birth

34
Q

What are the benefits of using stem cells in

medicine? (4)

A

● Treat damage or disease e.g. heart disease, type 1 diabetes
● Treat diseases that would otherwise be untreatable
● Used in scientific research
● Growing organs for transplants

35
Q

What are the risks of stem cell use in medicine? (6)

A

● Transplanted stem cells could cause tumours
● Finding suitable stem cell donors is a difficult task
● Stem cells may be rejected by the body (immunosuppressants taken)
● Potential side effects
● Long term risks of using stem cells unknown
● Stem cells may become contaminated during preparation and when
transplanted transmit infections to the patient, making them sicker

36
Q

What are the ethical issues related to the use of

stem cells in medicine?

A

● The embryos that were used to provide stem cells
are destroyed which is seen as unethical and a
waste of potential human life
● May lead to the reproductive cloning of humans

Biology (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions