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biology > Cells and Control > Flashcards

Cells and Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

a section of DNA which determines a characteristic and codes for a protein.

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2
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

tightly coiled lengths of DNA containing many genes.

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3
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

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4
Q

When do Cells divide?

A

an organism grows
an organism becomes damaged and needs to produce new cells for repair
organisms like bacteria reproduce asexually

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5
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A growing and dividing cell goes through a series of stages.

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6
Q

What is the Cell Cycles first stage?

A

cell growth and then synthesis of DNA

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7
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division which produces daughter cells identical to the parent.

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8
Q

What happens in the Interphase?

A

The DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis.

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9
Q

What happens in the prophase?

A

chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears.

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10
Q

What happens in the metaphase?

A

Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.

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11
Q

What happens in the Anaphase?

A

Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.

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12
Q

What happens in the telophase?

A

New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.

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13
Q

What happens in the cytokines?

A

The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells.

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14
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

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15
Q

What happens when a cell becomes cancerous?

A

begins to grow and divide uncontrollably.

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16
Q

What do a group of cancerous cells produce?

A

a tumour

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17
Q

What are the two types of tumours?

A

Benign and Malignant

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18
Q

What are the two main types of animal stem cells?

A

Embryonic
Adult

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19
Q

What passes along nerve cells?

A

Electric impulses

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20
Q

Where in the body does mitosis take place

A

Everywhere

21
Q

What are 2 uses of plant stem cells?

A

They can be used to produce clones of whole plants
They can be used to grow more rare plant species

22
Q

What are the steps of mitosis and cytokinesis?

A

DNA condense to form chromosomes
Chromosomes line up in the centre
Cell fibres separate two arms of chromosomes to opposite side of cell
Cytokinesis - the entire cell divides to form two identical daughter cells

23
Q

What do we call plant tissues that are continually growing?

A

Meristem tissue

24
Q

Why are reflexes so fast?

A

they are automatic that don’t require the brain

25
Q

How does a synapses transmit an electrical signal?

A

releases of chemicals

26
Q

What do we call cells produced by mitosis?

A

Daughter cells

27
Q

What is the role of a sperm cell?

A

to deliver genetic material to an egg cell and fertilise it

28
Q

When does cellular differentiation mostly occur?

A

during the development of the embryo and foetus

29
Q

What type of cells make up the nervous system?

A

Nerve cells

30
Q

What is the role of the motor neurone?

A

Transfers a signal from CNS to and effector

31
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

cells become specialised

32
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells usually have?

A

23

33
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

34
Q

How many did ions are there when a cell divides by mitosis?

A

1 division

35
Q

What is the role of a receptor?

A

To detect the stimulus

36
Q

What are the two main features of stem cells?

A

They can divide by mitosis
They can differentiate into different types of specialised cells

37
Q

What are 3 reasons multicellular organisms need new cells?

A

Growth
Development
Repair

38
Q

Are cells produced by mitosis identical or unique?

A

identical

39
Q

What is the role of a sensory neurone?

A

Transport a signal to the CNS

40
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

the series of steps that take place as a cell grows

41
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell

42
Q

What is the gap between never cells called?

A

a synapse

43
Q

What are 2 main types of effectors?

A

Muscles
Glands

44
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

a cell that is adapted to perform a particular function

45
Q

Where are embryonic cells found?

A

in the embryo

46
Q

Where are adult stem cells found in the body?

A

in bone marrow

47
Q

What is the role of a relay neurone

A

To transfer from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone

48
Q

What are 3 diseases that can the treated with stem cells?

A

Anaemia
Paralysis
Type 1 diabetes

biology (9 decks)

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