Cells and Cell Organelles Flashcards
-simpler and smaller than the other type of cells
-no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
-DNA is in nucleoid
-contains: nucleoid, ribosomes, cell wall, capsule, membrane, flagella, cytoplasm
prokaryotic cells
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cells
-contains nucleolus and most of a cell’s DNA
-enclosed by the nuclear envelope which is a double membrane and contains nuclear pores that allow substances in and out via pores
nucleus
-produces ribosomes
-there can be several in a single nucleus
nucleolus
-made up of rRNA and proteins
-they carry out protein synthesis
-can be found in cytosol and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
-synthesis and transport of lipids through the cells
-detoxification of drugs and poisons
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-folds the protein into its functional shape and transports it through the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
-mainly used for receiving, sorting, and shipping proteins
-many can be found in cells that specialize in secretion
golgi body
-contain hydrolytic enzymes that animal cells use to digest macromolecules
-they also digest damaged organelles
lysosomes
-storage
vacuoles
-type of vacuole
-stores food
food vacuoles
-type of vacuole
-has freshwater protists: they pump out excess water to maintain the proper ion concentration within the cell
contractile vacuoles
-type of vacuole
-storage of inorganic ions- plays a role in the growth of plants by absorbing water
central vacuole
site of cellular respiration to generate ATP
mitochondria
-site of photosynthesis
-found in plant cells
chloroplast
hydrogen peroxide is toxic, so it contains enzyme that convert it to water
peroxisome
-functions: shapes/supports the cell, guide movement of organelles, and separates chromosomes during cell division
cytoskeleton
are the thickest of the 3 components of the cytoskeleton
microtubules
-also called actin filaments
-are the thinnest components of the cytoskeleton
microfilaments
-fibers with diameters in a middle range
-a components of the cytoskeleton
intermediate filaments
-in animal cells
-aids in cell division
centrosomes and centrioles
short hairs
cilia
long whip-like tail
flagella
-made up of cellulose
-protects cell
-prevents excessive uptake of water
-in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists
cell wall
channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells
plasmodesmata
-made up of glycoproteins: collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
-proteins in this bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
extracellular matrix (ECM)
-has phosphate heads
-has fatty acid tails
-arranged as a bilayer
-fluid mosaic model
phospholipids in the cell membrane
fancy words for a membrane that stuff can flow throughout
fluid mosaic model
-separates living cell from aqueous environment
cell membrane
water channel in bacteria/all organisms
aquaporin
-a type of membrane protein
-only on one side of the membrane
peripheral proteins
-a type of membrane protein
-goes through the membrane
integral proteins
-they participate in cell recognition and adhesion (either cell-cell signaling or cell-pathogen interactions)
-they have a structural role as a physical barrier
membrane carbohydrates
-the movement of molecules from high to low concentration (nonpolar/hydrophobic molecules)
-doesn’t need energy
simple diffusion
diffusion of water
osmosis
more solute
hypertonic
less solute
hypotonic
equal solute
isotonic
-diffusion through protein channels
-channels move specific molecules across cell membrane
-no energy needed
facilitated diffusion
-cells move molecules across the concentration gradient
-happens through a protein pump
-requires energy
active transport
the measure of the number of solute particles in a solution
osmolarity
the potential for water to move away from something
water potential
