Cells and Cell Division

Question 1

What are cells constructed from?

Answer 1

Four macromolecules: carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid

Question 2

What is the basic structural and functional unit in all organisms?

Answer 2

Cells

Question 3

All cells are the same structurally.

Answer 3

False. All cells are structurally similar but not the same.

Question 4

where is the genetic information of an organism stored?

Answer 4

in the nucleus

Question 5

what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 5

protein synthesis

Question 6

golgi complex

Answer 6

packaging and transport of different products

Question 7

mitochondria

Answer 7

produces energy for the cells

Question 8

centrioles

Answer 8

important for cell division. helps chromosomes divide.

Question 9

what is molecular identity?

Answer 9

helps body identify the cell/organize body

Question 10

what is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 10

lipid and steroid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

Question 11

what happens to the body if the lysosome isn’t working?

Answer 11

Then the body wouldn’t receive fuel/food; therefore, degradation would occur.

Question 12

interphase

Answer 12

• longest phase
• recovery period where the focus is on growing

Question 13

what is mitosis and it’s stages?

Answer 13

division of the nucleus and segregation of chromosomes into future daughter cells.
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase

Question 14

when are chromosomes replicated?

Answer 14

during interphase (S phase)

Question 15

What are sister chromatids are joined by?

Answer 15

They are joined by a common centromere and each carry identical genetic info

Question 16

Prophase

Answer 16

• Chromosomes condense and become visible
• Nuclear envelope disappears
• Centrioles divide and migrate to opp poles
• Sister chromatids joined at centromere
• Spindle fibers form and attach to centromeres.

Question 17

Metaphase

Answer 17

• Chromosomes move to the middle of cell
• Line up along the metaphase plate

Question 18

Anaphase

Answer 18

• Centromeres split as sister chromatids are pulled to opp poles
• Sister chromatids are identical meaning that both daughter cells receive identical genetic info

Question 19

Telophase

Answer 19

• Chromosomes of the daughter cells decondense
• nuclei reform in daughter cells
• end of mitosis

Question 20

How does cytokinesis divide the cytoplasm?

Answer 20

The cleavage furrow divides the cytoplasm equally into 2 daughter cells (identical).

Question 21

What is mitosis essential for?

Answer 21

For growth and cell replacement.

Question 22

How does a cancerous tumor form?

Answer 22

When cells escape from the cell cycle regulation and grow uncontrollably.

Question 23

What is progeria and it’s effects?

Answer 23

Children the age of 7 or 8 look 70. Cells aren’t going through the cell cycle quickly enough and affected individuals usually die of coronary heart disease in their teens.

Question 24

What are the 2 types of cells in meiosis?

Answer 24

Somatic cells: In G0 or actively going through mitosis
Germ cells: become incorporated into reproductive organs

Question 25

what is meiosis?

Answer 25

It produces 4 haploid cells containing only one copy of each chromosome.

Question 26

why is halving essential?

Answer 26

to produce eggs/sperms & for transmission of genetic info to the next generation.

Question 27

how are interphases alike for mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 27

chromosomes replicate in both.

Question 28

How are the rounds of division for meiosis different?

Answer 28

Meiosis 1 separates homologous chromosomes (diploid > haploid). Meiosis 2 separates the sister chromatids.

Question 29

How does the metaphase differ for meiosis and mitosis?

Answer 29

In mitosis, the chromatids line up randomly and do not pair with homologue. In meiosis, the chromatids stick together to ensure that the chromosomes divide the way you want them to.

Question 30

what is interkinesis?

Answer 30

no DNA reply audio between the two nuclear division.

Question 31

What are the two genetic variation of meiosis?

Answer 31

1. Crossing over/recombination
   - in prophase 1, exchange genetic info by breaking and reforming with a piece of non sister chromatid
2. Independent assortment
   - number of chromosome combinations produced by independent assortment is 2^n

Question 32

What are the 2 kinds of haploid sexual gametes formed by meiosis?

Answer 32

1. Sperm
2. Oocytes

Question 33

Comparison of sperm and egg production

Answer 33

Sperm is continually produced from puberty until death while there is a finite number of oocytes. Four mature sperm in one spermatocyte while only one mature ovum from 1 oocyte.