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Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What microscope has a higher resolution and magnification?

A

Electron microscopes

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2
Q

What microscope gives a colour image?

A

Light microscope

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3
Q

What microscope is lighter and cheaper?

A

Light

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4
Q

What microscope is more expensive?

A

Electron microscope

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5
Q

What resolving power and magnification do TEM and SEM have and what one has the highest resolving power?

A

Both have high resolution and magnification TEM has higher resolving power

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6
Q

What condition must the cell be in to use a TEM or SEM? What process is complex?

A

Must be vacuum can’t be living and must be extremely thin and complex staining process

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7
Q

What one out of TEM and SEM produce colour images?

A

SEM

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8
Q

What may the images contain when using a TEM or SEM?

A

May contain artefacts

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9
Q

What one out if SEM and TEM produce a 3D image?

A

SEM

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10
Q

What is the formula of magnification?

A

Magnification = size of image\ size of object

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11
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

The minimum distance apart that two objects can be in order for them to appear as separate items?

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12
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

The process where cells are broken up and the different they contain are separated out

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13
Q

What are the 3 conditions the tissue must be place in by cell fractionation?

A

Cold, buffered and same water potential

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14
Q

Why must the cell be placed in a cold solution?

A

To reduce enzyme activity that may break down the organelles

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15
Q

Why must the cells be placed in buffered solution?

A

So ph doesn’t change which could alter the structure of the organelles or affect the function of the organelles

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16
Q

Why must the cells be place in a solution which is the same water potential/ isotonic?

A

To stop osmosis to prevent organelles bursting or shrinking due to osmotic gain or loss of water

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17
Q

What are the two stages of cell fractionation?

A

Homogenisation and ultracentrifugation

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18
Q

What is homogenisation?

A

Cells are broken up by a homogeniser which breaks down the cell wall and membrane releasing the organelles from the cell to produce a fluid called homogenate which is filtered to remove cells and large pieces of debris

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19
Q

What is ultracentrifugation?

A

Process where the fragments in the filtered homogenate are separated in a machine by a centrifuge it spins the tubes of homogenate at a high speed to create a centrifugal force

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20
Q

What are the 3 steps of ultracentrifugation?

A
  1. Spun at slow speeds to remove heaviest organelles
  2. Fluid at top called supernatant removed and transferred to another tube and spun again at a faster speed
  3. Next heaviest organelle taken out then spun until all the organelles are separated
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21
Q

What is calibration of a microscope?

A

Where you line up the stage micrometer and eye piece graticule so you can find the difference in magnification by seeing how many eye piece graticule fit inside the stage micrometer to work out the magnification

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22
Q

What is the nucleus function?

A

Contains hereditary material and controls cells activities

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23
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Double membrane which is continuous with the ER and it controls the entry and exit if materials ad contains the reactions in the nucleus

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24
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Allow passage of large molecules

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25
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

Granular jelly like material that makes up most of the nucleus

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26
Q

What are chromosomes ?

A

Consist of linear hound dna by proteins

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27
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Small spherical region in nucleoplasm produces RNA and assembles ribosomes

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28
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nucleus?

A
  1. Control centre of cell produces RNA and tRNA and protein synthesis
  2. Retains genetic material in the form of DNA and chromosomes
  3. Manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
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29
Q

What shape and size are mitochondria?

A

Rod shaped 1-10 micrometers

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30
Q

What is the function of the double membrane around the mitochondria?

A

Controls entry and exit of materials

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31
Q

What is the cristae in a mitochondria?

A

Inner of two membranes is folded to form extensions providing a larger sa for attachment of enzymes and proteins for respiration

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32
Q

What is the matrix in the mitochondria?

A

Make sup most of it contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA allows them to control production of their own proteins

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33
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Sites of aerobic respiration production of ATP required for active transport

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34
Q

What is the general shape of chloroplast?

A

Disc shaped 2-10 micrometres long 1 micrometer diameter

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35
Q

What does the chloroplast envelope do?

A

Double plasma membrane selective of what comes in and out of the chloroplast

36
Q

What is grana in a chloroplast?

A

Stacks of disc like structures called thylakoids contain green pigment called chlorophyll so it is where light absorption takes place

37
Q

What is stroma in chloroplasts?

A

Fluid filled matrix where synthesis of sugars occur 2nd stage of photosynthesis also contain starch grains

38
Q

What is the main function of chloroplasts?

A

Harvest sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

39
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

An elaborate 3D systems of sheet like membranes spreading through cytoplasm continuous with outer nuclear membrane encloses a network of tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae

40
Q

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Has ribosomes on outer surface

41
Q

What are the functions of RER?

A

Provides larger SA for synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins provided pathway for transport of materials

42
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Lacks ribosomes on surface so more tubular

43
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates so cells with lots of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins have a larger ER

44
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

A compact set of flattened sacs cisternae with small hollow vesicles

45
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Modifies proteins by adding non protein components and labels and sorts out where they have to go and also form lysosomes

46
Q

In a Golgi apparatus how are modified proteins transported?

A

In golgi vesicles pinched off golgi cisternae

47
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Isolate lysozyme which is an enzyme that hydrolyses the cell walls of certain bacteria then release them to outside of cells or into cells phagocytic vessel

48
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  1. Hydrolyse materials ingested by phagocytic cells
  2. Release enzymes to outside of the cell to destroy material outside the cells
  3. Break down the cells after they have died
49
Q

What cells are lysosomes abundant in?

A

Secretory cells

50
Q

What are ribosomes and where are they found?

A

Small cytoplasmic granules found in cytoplasm or on RER

51
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

80s - found in eukaryotic cells around 25nm

70s - found in prokaryotic cells smaller than 80s

52
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

1 large and 1 small subunit containing RNA and proteins

53
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

54
Q

What is the cell wall and where is it found?

A

Microfibrils and cellulose embedded in a matrix making it very strong. Found in all plant cells

55
Q

What is the middle lamella in a cell wall?

A

A thin layer which is the boundary between adjacent cell walls which cements cells together

56
Q

What are the 3 functions of cell walls?

A
  1. Provide mechanical strength prevents cell from bursting
  2. Provide mechanical strength to plant
  3. Allows water to pass through the plant
57
Q

What are cell walls in algae mad up of?

A

Cellulose or glycoproteins

58
Q

What are cell walls of fungi made up of?

A

Chitin

59
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Fluid Filled sac bounded by a single membrane called the tonoplast

60
Q

What do plant to vacuoles contain?

A

A Solution of minerals salts sugars amino acid’s wastes and pigments

61
Q

What are the three functions of vacuoles?

A
  1. Plants and the cell to be turgid
  2. Sugars and amino acid’s may act as a temporary food store
  3. Pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects
62
Q

How are cells specialised?

A

Different genes are expressed and turned on or off

63
Q

What is the order of organisation?

A

Cells, tissues, organ, organ system

64
Q

What Is the definition of tissues and what are two examples?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function for example epithelial tissue xylem tissue and phloem tissue

65
Q

What is an organ and what are two examples?

A

Combination of tissues coordinated to perform a variety of functions for example organs used for digestion and a leaf

66
Q

What is an organ system and what are two examples?

A

Organs work together as a single unit to perform a specific function efficiently. For example the digestive system and the respiratory system

67
Q

What Is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic crlls are larger and have nucleus bounded by nuclear membranes whereas prokaryotic cells are smaller and have no nucleus

68
Q

What are five parts of a bacterial cell?

A

Large circular strand of DNA, cell-surface membrane, capsule, cell wall, plasmid, ribosomes, flagellum and cytoplasm

69
Q

What Is a virus?

A

A small acellular nonliving particle

70
Q

How do you viruses multiply?

A

They can only multiply in host cells

71
Q

Why are viruses surrounded by a lipid envelope or capsid that has attachment proteins?

A

To identify and attach to a host cell

72
Q

What are six parts of a virus?

A

Attachment protein, capsid, lipid envelope, matrix, reverse transcriptase enzyme, genetic material RNA

73
Q

What does mitosis do?

A

Produces 2 daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells

74
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

DNA replicates and becomes a chromosome when the two chromatids are attached by a centromere

75
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes become visible and shorten and thicken
  2. Spindle fibres develop from each centriole
  3. Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down
  4. Chromosomes drawn towards equator
76
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  1. Chromosomes now seen as 2 chromatids

2. Microtubules from poles attached to centromere pulled to arrange themselves on equator

77
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  1. Centromeres divide in two chromatids pulled apart

2. Chromatids move to opposite poles now called chromosomes

78
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes reach poles become long and thin then disappear fully to form chromatin
  2. Spindle fibres disintegrate nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform
79
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides

80
Q

What are the 4 main stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

81
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

Binary fission

82
Q

What is cancer?

A

Group of diseases caused by the damage to genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled growth and division of cells causing a tumour to develop

83
Q

What type of tumour is cancerous?

A

Malignant

84
Q

Is the treatment for cancer and why is it used?

A

Disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating inhibiting metaphase by interfering with spindle formation

85
Q

What Is the problem with chemotherapy?

A

Upsell cycle of normal cells leading to hair loss

Biology (22 decks)

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