Cells Flashcards
Where are eukaryotic cells found?
In animals and plants
Where are prokaryotic cells found?
Bacteria
What organelles are found in both animals and plants?
Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes
What organelles are just in plants?
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
What do cell walls do?
They are made up of a long chain of glucose that keeps the cell together.
What do permanent vacuole do?
Sugars are stored here
What do chloroplasts do?
Filled with chlorophyll carries out photosynthesis and absorbs light
What do nuclei do
Genetic material the nerve centre that controls everything
Cytoplasm do what?
Jelly like substance give the volume and chemical reactions take place here
What do cell membranes do?
Barrier between the inside and outside of the cell of the cell controls what can enter and leave the cell.
What does the mitochondria do?
Powerhouse of the cell respiration happens here
Ribosomes what do?
Proteins are synthesised here
Sperm cell specialisation
Long tail
Stream lined
Mitochondria
Enzymes
How does a long tail help the sperm
Helps swim towards the egg
How does the stream lined shape help the sperm
Reduces drag so quicker
How are nerve cells specialised?
Very long
Lots of branches
How does the longness help the nerve cells
Can cover a larger amount of the body
How does lots of branches help the nerve cells
So can connect to other nerve cells
Root hair cell specialisation
Projecting growth out their side
How does the projecting growth help root hair cells
Increases surface area
More of an area for more materials diffusing in and actively being transported in
Xylem features
Hollow
Phloem features
Minimal organelles
What do stem cells do?
Change into whatever specialised cell they need to
Steps of the cell cycle
1) the 46 chromosomes make a copy of themselves
2) the organelles make a copy of themselves
3) nuclear membrane will break down
4) each set of chromosomes is put to each side of the cell
5) a new membrane forms around the chromosomes
6) the cell with two nuclei pinches down the middle and splits
7) now we have two daughter cells
What do prokaryotes divide by
Binary fission
What do eukaryotes divide by
Mitosis
What’s the difference between mitosis and binary fission
Binary fission can create different non identical daughter cells
Is faster
Doesn’t have to replicate organelles as does not contain any
Is simple
What does pluripotent mean?
They can go on to form any kind of cell
Where can you find stem cells
In embryos
Certain parts of an adults body
Plants can be found in the meristems (tips of roots)
Where can adult stem cells be found
Bone marrow
What type of disease can adult stem cells trEat
Diseases in the blood
Diffusion definition
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
How does temp affect diffusion
If particles are warmer they move faster they have more energy so they diffuse quicker
WARMER=FASTER
How does the surface area affect diffusion
If there’s a bigger surface area there’s more opportunities for diffusion to happen BIGGER SURFACE AREA = FASTER
How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion
Bigger the difference in concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion
Define osmosis
Movement of water particles from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential
What is high water potential
Purer water
Lower water potential
Less pure like salt water rather than tap water
Active transport definition
Movement of particles (opposite of diffusion) form low to high concentration so needs energy to do this
Where is active transport used
Root hair collecting minerals
Guts to absorb as much glucose as possible
