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Biology AS > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What organelles have internal cell plasma membranes ? (7 answers)

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Lyosomes, Endosomes, Chloroplast

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2
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the internal cell membranes around the organelles ?

A
  1. Provides a transport system
  2. Separates different regions in the cell
  3. Allows specialisation in the different regions
  4. Creates a large surface area for enzymes to attach.
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3
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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4
Q

What is the structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It forms a system of flattened, membrane enclosed sacs (cristernae) which are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane.

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5
Q

What is the function of Smooth ER?

A

Smooth ER provides synthesis and transport of lipids.

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6
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

Rough ER transports synthesised proteins (synthesised by attached ribosomes)

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7
Q

What is the structure of a Centriole?

A

Two hollow cylinders positioned perpendicular to one another.

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8
Q

What is the function of a Centriole?

A

It is used in a spindle formation (microtubes) in cell division.

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9
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

Its made from two subunits (ribosomal RNA and protein)

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesis

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11
Q

Where are ribosomes found within the cell? (3 Answers)

A
  1. Attached to ER
  2. ‘Free’ in Cytoplasm
  3. Attached to mRNA strands to create a polysome structure.
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12
Q

What is the basic structure of a virus?

A

It contains two basic components, nucleic acid (single or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat - the capsid.

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13
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi Body/ Apparatus?

A

Similar to Endoplasmic Reticulum but more compact. It is surrounded by vesicles.

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15
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Body/ Apparatus?

A

A major function is the modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins for secretion. It is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell and the creation of lysosomes.

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16
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

Small vacuoles are formed when parts of the Golgi body are pinched off.

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17
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Contain and isolate digestive enzymes, release enzymes to destroy organelles, digestion of material taken into the cell .e.g. Bacteria.

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18
Q

What are the organelles found only in plant cells?

A

A Cell Wall, a large central vacuole, plastids such as chloroplast.

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19
Q

What are the organelles found in both plant and animal cells?

A

Mitochondria, ER, Cell membrane, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Cytosol, Peroxisomes, Cytoskeleton.

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20
Q

What are the organelles found only in animal cells?

A

Lysosomes and Centrosomes.

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21
Q

What is the definition for a specialised cell?

A

Modified cells to carry out a particular function.

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22
Q

What is the definition for a tissue?

A

A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells that carry out a specific function.

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23
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

Organs are formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.

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24
Q

Give an example of a specialised cell, one tissue and an organ.

A

Cardiac muscle cell, muscular tissue, the heart.

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25
Q

What is the structure of a vacuole?

A

Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm.

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26
Q

What are vacuoles also called in animal cells?

A

Lysosomes

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27
Q

What is the function of a plant cell vacuole?

A

to hold material and wastes, and maintain the proper pressure within the plant cell to provide structure and support.

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28
Q

What is the function of a animal cell vacuole?

A

Store a variety of nutrients and waste products to prevent contamination.

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29
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A

Structure - contains a nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nucleolus and cytoplasm.

Function- to store the genetic information.

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30
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms, other than bacteria, are composed. (Consisting of protein, RNA and DNA)

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31
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Combine ribonucleic acids (RNA) with proteins to make rRNA.

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32
Q

What are the similarities of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes cells?

A

.They are both cells
.They both have cell membranes
.They both have ribosomes

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33
Q

What organelles do only Prokaryotic Cells have?

A

.Nucleoid

.Circular DNA

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34
Q

What organelles do only Eukaryotic Cells have?

A

.Nucleus
.Organelles
.Linear DNA

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35
Q

Finish the equation CO2 + H20 =

A

02 + C6H2O6

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36
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

Aerobic Respiration

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37
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Protein Synthesis

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38
Q

What is the function of Nuclear Envelope?

A

Contains the nucleoid

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39
Q

What is the function of Nucleolus?

A

Makes rRNA

40
Q

What is the function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The synthesis and transport of lipids

41
Q

What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

To transport synthesised proteins

42
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore?

A

Allows movement of substances into and out of the nucleus

43
Q

What is the function of a Vesicle?

A

Assists with the exocytosis process

44
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Body?

A

The modifying, sorting and packaging of proteins in addition to the transport of lipids and creation of lysosomes.

45
Q

What is the function of Plasmodesmata?

A

Allows communication between cells

46
Q

What is the equation for calculating magnification?

A

Size of Image/ (Actual size of specimen X Magnification)

47
Q

What is the definition of a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

Eukaryotic cells include plant and animal cells. They have a “true nucleus” meaning the nucleus is membrane bound. The nucleus contains chromatin which is the DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins.

48
Q

What is the definition of a Prokaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryote cells include bacterial cells. They have no “true nucleus” meaning the genetic material (DNA) is free in the cytoplasm in an area called the nucleoid.

49
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in Eukaryotic cells?

A

80’s ribosomes

50
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in Prokaryotic cells?

A

70’s ribosomes

51
Q

What type of DNA is found in Eukaryotic cells?

52
Q

What type of DNA is found in Eukaryotic cells?

53
Q

What is the function of Flagellum?

A

Makes the bacterium motile

54
Q

What is the function of Capsule?

A

A layer of slime for mobility

55
Q

What is the cell wall made up of in Bacterium?

A

Amino Acids and polysaccharides (made of peptidoglycan)

56
Q

What is the function of Reverse transcriptase enzymes ?

A

Changes RNA into DNA to integrate into cells

57
Q

What is the capsid?

A

A protein coat which surrounds the RNA/ DNA

58
Q

What is the function of a chromatophore in bacterium?

A

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

59
Q

What is the function of a mesosome in a bacterium?

A

Respiration in bacteria

60
Q

What is a plasmid ?

A

A small circular piece of DNA in bacterium

61
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
62
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Living tissue, where cells are packed closely together

63
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

On the surface of organs, cavities and tubes.

64
Q

Do epithelial cells divide quickly or slowly?

65
Q

What is the structure of squamous cells?

A

Thin and smooth

66
Q

What is the function of squamous cells?

A

Create a short diffusion distance

67
Q

Where are squamous cells found?

A

Alveoli, capillaries etc.

68
Q

What is the structure of cuboidal cells?

A

Boxed shape

69
Q

What is the function of cuboidal cells?

A

Used for secretion and absorbtion

70
Q

Where are cuboidal cells found?

A

Glands and kidney tubules

71
Q

What is the structure of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Column shaped, some have cilia and some have microvilli.

72
Q

What is the function of columnar epithelial cells?

A

Making and secreting mucus

73
Q

Where are columnar epithelial cells found?

A

Lungs, Bronchi and oviducts

74
Q

What does connective tissue contain?

A

The protein collagen in the extracellular material

75
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

To connect other tissues

76
Q

What are the three types of Muscular tissue?

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Cardiac
  3. Skeletal
77
Q

What are the protein fibres that shorten the muscular tissues?

A

Actin and Myosin

78
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

Contract and relax

79
Q

What is the function of skeletal tissue?

A

Moves whole parts of the organism

80
Q

What is the structure of skeletal tissue?

A

Muscle cells are joined together to form fibres. The striations are cause by overlapping protein molecules.

81
Q

Where is skeletal tissue located?

A

All over the body

82
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

Unstriated, individual cells which can shorten in length

83
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

They move the body without conscience thought

84
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

Found in the blood vessels and gut.

85
Q

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated and branched fibres which are joined by thick membranes called intercalated discs.

86
Q

What is the function of the cardiac muscle?

A

They carry out the involuntary contractions of the heart.

87
Q

What are the 7 steps of the cell, tissues and organs cycle?

A
  1. Simple molecules
  2. Complex molecules
  3. Cell
  4. Tissue
  5. Organ
  6. Organ systems
  7. Organism
88
Q

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

A

The nucleus contains DNA which codes for amino acids sequences in a protein

89
Q

How is the mRNA copy of the DNA made in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

90
Q

How does the mRNA copy of the DNA leave the nucleus in protein synthesis?

A

Through a nuclear pore

91
Q

What happens in protein synthesis after the mRNA is made?

A

The nucleolus makes ribosomes

92
Q

What synthesises the proteins using mRNA in protein synthesis?

93
Q

What transports the proteins during protein synthesis?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

94
Q

What does the Golgi Body do in protein synthesis?

A

Modifies proteins which are then packaged into an excretory vesicle.

95
Q

What does the vesicle migrate towards in protein synthesis?

A

The plasma membrane

96
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and its contents being emptied.

Biology AS (14 decks)

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