Cells Flashcards
organelles, mitosis, meiosis, diffusion
Biotic
living
Abiotic
non living
Prokaryote
single celled organism that lacks nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
organism that has cells with DNA
Angiosperm
flowering plant
Gymnosperm
non flowering plant
Abiotic factors relating to plants
Water, Sun, Temperature, O2 (oxygen), CO2 (carbon dioxide), Elements and Minerals:
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P). Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Ca (calcium)
what are Photoperiods
length of daylight or number of hours organism is exposed to light. it effects the developmental processes of organisms
does hair have fiber
yes
What microorganism infects Plants
bacteria
What microorganism infects animals
protozoa
Cell membrane
semipermeable border that regulates passage of ions and molecules in/out of cell
Cell Wall
layer surrounding plant cells outside the cell membrane
Cell wall vs cell membrane
A cell wall is rigid and maintains a constant shape, while a cell membrane is flexible and can change shape and size.
Nucleus
houses DNA
Nucleolus
a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.
Nuclear Membrane
in and out of nucleus
Cytoplasm
holds the internal components of cells in place and protects them from damage
Chloroplast
photosynthesis
Centrioles
serve as the cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization
Lysome
water disposal system that breaks down worn out cell parts, cellular debris, and ingested materials from outside the cell
Mitochondria
transform molecules of “food” into energy => cellular respiration. stores molecules of ATP
Golgi Apparatus
packages, processes, and ships substances made in cell by endoplasmic recticulum
Ribosome
assembles proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER: processes proteins
Smooth ER: lipid metabolism
Vacuole
stores salts, minerals, pigments, and proteins within the cell
Mitosis
equal division of the cell’s content into two daughter cells that have identical genomes.
Meiosis
a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells for sex cells
Steps of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis
Steps of meiosis
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II
What does ‘Soma’ mean
body
what are somatic structures
everything in plants not apart of sex organs
What is a pistil
female sex organ
what is a stamen
male sex organ
what creatures have 46 chromosomes
humans
Which cell reproduction cycle has numbers after it
meiosis
do some plants do asexual reproduction
yes
How do plant cells differ from animal cells
centrioles, no vacuole in higher animal cells. cell wall, chloroplast, storage vacuole in plants
what is cytoplasm and cytosol
cytosol: aqueous solution, water ions, small molecules
cytoplasm: cytosol plus organelles
what is a phospholipid
a molecule that has a phosphate on one end and a lipid on the other end
what elements are in a phosphate group
phospholipids and oxygen
what is a lipid
fat. an organic molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen in chains or rings. it is hydrophobic.
What types of molecules are found in plasma membranes
protein and lipids
what kind of molecule is protein composed of
amino acids
what is the function of the plasma membrane
to separate the aqueous environment of the cell inside to the outside enviornment
would it be possible for polar molecules or ions to move through the phospholipid bilayer
difficult. polar molecules carry a charge (positive on one side negative on the other). phospholipids are also polar
hypertonic
A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute and lower concentration of water than body fluids. When placed in a hypertonic solution, cells will shrivel and die due to a process called plasmolysis.
hypotonic
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it. Hypotonic solutions can be used to dilute the extracellular space and replenish the inside of cells.
isotonic
A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as body fluids. In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water.
Passive transport
expends no ATP
Active transport
expends ATP
what keeps plant cell from bursting in hypotonic solution
cell wall
how does being in a hypertonic solution affect a plant
it will wilt
what is turgor pressure in a plant cell
the pressure of the cytoplasm inside the cell membrane as it pushes against the cell wall
what happens to the motion of molecules after equilibrium is reached
they continue to move but the net volume does not chage
how does passive transport differ from active transport
no energy of ATP needed. passive transport can only act until equilibrium reached
contrast facilitated diffusion with active transport
although both require a cell membrane protein, active transport can move molecules from low concentration to high concentration using APT
are movements through cell membrane active or passive
passive
how can a small particle or liquid droplet enter a cell
either directly thought the cell membrane (pores) or with aid from cell membrane protein (either passively or activley)
in plants large starch molecules are synthesized from —
sugar molecules inside colorless plastids called amyloplast
How does a large particle enter the cell
phagocytosis (engulfing)
what does chloroplast capture
light energy
what contains green pigment (chlorophyll)
chloroplasts
chromoplasts contain what pigments
red, yellow, orange
why might some animal cells have colorless plastids
specialized storage of molecules that have different functions
what plastid is likely to be found in flowers
chromoplast
what plastid is likely to be found in leaves
chloroplasts
what plastid is likely to be found in roots
leukoplast or amyloplast
what part of a lipid is hydrophobic and hydrophillic
head: hydrophilic
tail: hydrophobic
the notches in plasma membrane represent what
carrier protein
sequence 1-2-3 shows how a carrier protein aids what
movement of molecule in a cell
the process of molecules moving through the plasma membrane requires the cell to do what
expend energy (use ATP)
What is happening in Interphase 1(meiosis)
Dna copied
What is happening in Prophase 1(meiosis)
chromosomes pair up
What is happening in Metaphase 1(meiosis)
chromosomes line up at equator
What is happening in Anaphase 1(meiosis)
homologous chromosomes pull apart
What is happening in Telophase 1/Cytokinesis(meiosis)
cell pinches in middle
What is happening in Prophase 2(meiosis)
Chromosomes condense
What is happening in Metaphase 2(meiosis)
chromosomes line up at equator
What is happening in Anaphase 2(meiosis)
sister chromatids pull apart
What is happening in Telophase 2/cytokinesis(meiosis)
cell pinches in middle
4 haploid cells
What is happening in Interphase (mitosis)
(I)nteresting things happen
-cells prepare to divide
-genetic material doubles
What is happening in prophase (mitosis)
chromosomes (P)air up
-chromosomes thicken and shorten, become visible, 2 chromatids are joined by a centromere
-centrioles move to opposite side of the nucleus
- nucleolus disappears
-nuclear membrane disintegrates
What is happening in Metaphase (mitosis)
chromosomes meet in the (M)iddle
-chromosomes arrange at the equator of the cell
-become attached to spindle fibers by centromeres
-homologous chromosomes do not associate
What is happening in Anaphase (mitosis)
chromosomes get pulled (A)part
-spindle fibres contract pulling chromatids to the opposite poles of the cell
What is happening in Telophase (mitosis)
Now there are (T)wo
-chromosomes uncoil
-spindle fibres disintegrate
-centrioles replicate
-nuclear membrane forms
-cell divides
