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Plant Science > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

organelles, mitosis, meiosis, diffusion

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biotic

A

living

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

non living

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3
Q

Prokaryote

A

single celled organism that lacks nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Eukaryote

A

organism that has cells with DNA

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5
Q

Angiosperm

A

flowering plant

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6
Q

Gymnosperm

A

non flowering plant

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7
Q

Abiotic factors relating to plants

A

Water, Sun, Temperature, O2 (oxygen), CO2 (carbon dioxide), Elements and Minerals:
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P). Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Ca (calcium)

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8
Q

what are Photoperiods

A

length of daylight or number of hours organism is exposed to light. it effects the developmental processes of organisms

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9
Q

does hair have fiber

A

yes

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10
Q

What microorganism infects Plants

A

bacteria

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11
Q

What microorganism infects animals

A

protozoa

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12
Q

Cell membrane

A

semipermeable border that regulates passage of ions and molecules in/out of cell

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13
Q

Cell Wall

A

layer surrounding plant cells outside the cell membrane

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14
Q

Cell wall vs cell membrane

A

A cell wall is rigid and maintains a constant shape, while a cell membrane is flexible and can change shape and size.

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

houses DNA

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.

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17
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

in and out of nucleus

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

holds the internal components of cells in place and protects them from damage

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19
Q

Chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

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20
Q

Centrioles

A

serve as the cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization

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22
Q

Lysome

A

water disposal system that breaks down worn out cell parts, cellular debris, and ingested materials from outside the cell

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

transform molecules of “food” into energy => cellular respiration. stores molecules of ATP

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

packages, processes, and ships substances made in cell by endoplasmic recticulum

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25
Q

Ribosome

A

assembles proteins

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26
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER: processes proteins
Smooth ER: lipid metabolism

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27
Q

Vacuole

A

stores salts, minerals, pigments, and proteins within the cell

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28
Q

Mitosis

A

equal division of the cell’s content into two daughter cells that have identical genomes.

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29
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells for sex cells

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30
Q

Steps of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, and cytokinesis

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31
Q

Steps of meiosis

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II

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32
Q

What does ‘Soma’ mean

A

body

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33
Q

what are somatic structures

A

everything in plants not apart of sex organs

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34
Q

What is a pistil

A

female sex organ

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35
Q

what is a stamen

A

male sex organ

36
Q

what creatures have 46 chromosomes

A

humans

37
Q

Which cell reproduction cycle has numbers after it

A

meiosis

38
Q

do some plants do asexual reproduction

A

yes

39
Q

How do plant cells differ from animal cells

A

centrioles, no vacuole in higher animal cells. cell wall, chloroplast, storage vacuole in plants

40
Q

what is cytoplasm and cytosol

A

cytosol: aqueous solution, water ions, small molecules
cytoplasm: cytosol plus organelles

41
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

a molecule that has a phosphate on one end and a lipid on the other end

42
Q

what elements are in a phosphate group

A

phospholipids and oxygen

43
Q

what is a lipid

A

fat. an organic molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen in chains or rings. it is hydrophobic.

44
Q

What types of molecules are found in plasma membranes

A

protein and lipids

45
Q

what kind of molecule is protein composed of

A

amino acids

46
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A

to separate the aqueous environment of the cell inside to the outside enviornment

47
Q

would it be possible for polar molecules or ions to move through the phospholipid bilayer

A

difficult. polar molecules carry a charge (positive on one side negative on the other). phospholipids are also polar

48
Q

hypertonic

A

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solute and lower concentration of water than body fluids. When placed in a hypertonic solution, cells will shrivel and die due to a process called plasmolysis.

49
Q

hypotonic

A

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it. Hypotonic solutions can be used to dilute the extracellular space and replenish the inside of cells.

50
Q

isotonic

A

A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as body fluids. In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water.

51
Q

Passive transport

A

expends no ATP

52
Q

Active transport

A

expends ATP

53
Q

what keeps plant cell from bursting in hypotonic solution

A

cell wall

54
Q

how does being in a hypertonic solution affect a plant

A

it will wilt

55
Q

what is turgor pressure in a plant cell

A

the pressure of the cytoplasm inside the cell membrane as it pushes against the cell wall

56
Q

what happens to the motion of molecules after equilibrium is reached

A

they continue to move but the net volume does not chage

57
Q

how does passive transport differ from active transport

A

no energy of ATP needed. passive transport can only act until equilibrium reached

58
Q

contrast facilitated diffusion with active transport

A

although both require a cell membrane protein, active transport can move molecules from low concentration to high concentration using APT

59
Q

are movements through cell membrane active or passive

A

passive

60
Q

how can a small particle or liquid droplet enter a cell

A

either directly thought the cell membrane (pores) or with aid from cell membrane protein (either passively or activley)

61
Q

in plants large starch molecules are synthesized from —

A

sugar molecules inside colorless plastids called amyloplast

62
Q

How does a large particle enter the cell

A

phagocytosis (engulfing)

63
Q

what does chloroplast capture

A

light energy

64
Q

what contains green pigment (chlorophyll)

A

chloroplasts

65
Q

chromoplasts contain what pigments

A

red, yellow, orange

66
Q

why might some animal cells have colorless plastids

A

specialized storage of molecules that have different functions

67
Q

what plastid is likely to be found in flowers

A

chromoplast

68
Q

what plastid is likely to be found in leaves

A

chloroplasts

69
Q

what plastid is likely to be found in roots

A

leukoplast or amyloplast

70
Q

what part of a lipid is hydrophobic and hydrophillic

A

head: hydrophilic
tail: hydrophobic

71
Q

the notches in plasma membrane represent what

A

carrier protein

72
Q

sequence 1-2-3 shows how a carrier protein aids what

A

movement of molecule in a cell

73
Q

the process of molecules moving through the plasma membrane requires the cell to do what

A

expend energy (use ATP)

74
Q

What is happening in Interphase 1(meiosis)

A

Dna copied

75
Q

What is happening in Prophase 1(meiosis)

A

chromosomes pair up

76
Q

What is happening in Metaphase 1(meiosis)

A

chromosomes line up at equator

77
Q

What is happening in Anaphase 1(meiosis)

A

homologous chromosomes pull apart

78
Q

What is happening in Telophase 1/Cytokinesis(meiosis)

A

cell pinches in middle

79
Q

What is happening in Prophase 2(meiosis)

A

Chromosomes condense

80
Q

What is happening in Metaphase 2(meiosis)

A

chromosomes line up at equator

81
Q

What is happening in Anaphase 2(meiosis)

A

sister chromatids pull apart

82
Q

What is happening in Telophase 2/cytokinesis(meiosis)

A

cell pinches in middle
4 haploid cells

83
Q

What is happening in Interphase (mitosis)

A

(I)nteresting things happen
-cells prepare to divide
-genetic material doubles

84
Q

What is happening in prophase (mitosis)

A

chromosomes (P)air up
-chromosomes thicken and shorten, become visible, 2 chromatids are joined by a centromere
-centrioles move to opposite side of the nucleus
- nucleolus disappears
-nuclear membrane disintegrates

85
Q

What is happening in Metaphase (mitosis)

A

chromosomes meet in the (M)iddle
-chromosomes arrange at the equator of the cell
-become attached to spindle fibers by centromeres
-homologous chromosomes do not associate

86
Q

What is happening in Anaphase (mitosis)

A

chromosomes get pulled (A)part
-spindle fibres contract pulling chromatids to the opposite poles of the cell

87
Q

What is happening in Telophase (mitosis)

A

Now there are (T)wo
-chromosomes uncoil
-spindle fibres disintegrate
-centrioles replicate
-nuclear membrane forms
-cell divides

Plant Science (7 decks)

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