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General Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

He is the first person to discover cells.

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

How did Robert Hooke discover cells?

A

through observing a cork under a microscope

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3
Q

What is the difference between a Prokaryote and Eukaryote?

A

Prokaryotes - Has no nucleus while the DNA is stored in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Ex. Bacteria

Eukaryotes - Has a nucleus, this is where the DNA is stored. Has multicellular cells. Ex. Protozoans

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4
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

It is the hereditary material of the cell. These are genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different materials.

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5
Q

This is found in the nucleus and used for cellular reproduction. It disappears when cells divide, and make ribosomes which make proteins.

A

Nucleolus/Nuclei

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6
Q

This protects the cell and transports nutrients in and out of the cell. It is composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins.

A

Cell/Plasma membrane

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7
Q

This is the double layer of the cell membrane, and consists of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. This is made up of a bilayer where tails point inward at each other. It moves laterally to allow small molecules to enter.

A

Phospholipids

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8
Q

These proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition

A

Cell membrane proteins

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9
Q

Which nutrients do the phospholipid head contain?

A

Glycerol & Phosphate

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10
Q

Which nutrients do the phospholipid tail contain?

A

Fatty Acids

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11
Q

What are the two types of Cell Membrane Proteins?

A

Peripheral and Integral proteins

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12
Q

These proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer)

A

Peripheral Proteins

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13
Q

These proteins are embedded completely outside the cell membrane

A

Integral Proteins

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14
Q

These lie immediately against the cell wall in plant cells. It pushes out against the call wall to maintain cell shape.

A

Plant Cell Membrane

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14
Q

A jelly like substance enclosed by the membrane. It holds the organelles and provides a medium for chemical reaction to occur.

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

It is a microscopic acid that performs various functions for a cell. It is found in the cytoplasm and may or may not be membrane-bound.

A

Organelles

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16
Q

It helps the cell maintain its shape and assists organelles to move around. It is also made up of proteins.

A

Cytoskeleton

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17
Q

What are the two types of cytoskeletons?

A

Microfilaments and Microtubules

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18
Q

This is a threadlike cytoskeleton, made out of actin.

A

Microfilament

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19
Q

This is a tubelike cytoskeleton, made out of tubulin.

A

Microtubules

20
Q

This is the study of cells.

A

Cytology

21
Q

The powerhouse of the cell, in which it generates cellular energy (ATP).

A

Mitochondria

22
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenine Thyphosphate

23
Q

What is the process of burning glucose called?

A

Cellular Respiration

24
Q

This is surrounded by a double membrane, commonly found in more active cells.

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

This is a folded inner membrane, in which it increases surface area for more chemical reactions.

A

Cristae

26
Q

This is the network of hollow membrane tubules. It connects to the nuclear envelope and cell membrane. It functions in synthesis of cell products and transportation.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

27
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A

Rough & Smooth ER

28
Q

This ER has ribosomes on its surface, makes membrane proteins for exportation out of the cell.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

28
Q

This ER makes membrane lipids (steroids), regulates calcium, and destroys toxic substances through the liver.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

29
Q

This includes the nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane.

A

Endomembrane System

30
Q

Stacked flattened sacs. It receives proteins through the ER, and transports vesicles with modified proteins that pinch off by the ends.

A

Golgi Apparatus

31
Q

These contain digestive enzymes in which it hastens the process. It digests the food and gets rid of waste. It also releases enzymes to break down and recycle cell parts.

A

Lysosomes

32
Q

These are the shorter and numerous ends in cells. It functions in moving cells, fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface.

A

Cilia

33
Q

These come in longer and fewer, usually one to three in cells.

A

Flagella

34
Q

These are fluid filled sacks used for storage, commonly small and absent in animal cells. These are found in plant cells.

A

Vacuoles

35
Q

They store sugars, proteins, lipids, minerals, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes.

A

Vacuoles

35
Q

Found in animal cells, these are paired structures near the nucleus. It is a bundle of microtubules and appear during cell division forming mitotic spindles.

A

Centrioles

36
Q

Surrounded by a double membrane, it is only found in producer organisms (organisms containing chlorophyll). It uses energy from sunlight to make own food (such as glucose).

A

Chloroplast

37
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

This is the green pigment of a plan

38
Q

He theorized that animals are made up of cells.

A

Theodore Schwann

39
Q

He theorized that plants are made up of cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden

40
Q

is any eukaryote that is not an animal, land plant or fungus, thus excluding many unicellular groups like the fungal Microsporidia

A

Protist

41
Q

He used a handheld microscope to view organisms. Used scrapings from his teeth.

A

Leeuwenhoek

42
Q

This is the simplest type of cell with a very long chain of DNA.

A

Prokaryote

43
Q

This is not a living thing, therefore it is not a prokaryote. It instead gives prokaryotes the power to spread.

A

Virus

44
Q

These are complex and multicellular. These includes protozoans, amoeba, and are plant like.

A

Protist

45
Q

This is the process of cell producing energy.

A

Cell Respiration

46
Q

This is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus. It contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus.

A

Nuclear Envelope/Membrane

General Biology (9 decks)

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