CELLS Flashcards
1
Q
Determines the function and form of the human body.
A
Cells
2
Q
Basic living unit of all living organisms?
A
Cells
3
Q
Human have what type of cells?
A
Multiple
4
Q
Cells are specialized to perform _______?
A
Specific functions
5
Q
Organelles are also called as?
A
Little organs
6
Q
They are specialized parts of the cells that perform a specific function.
A
Organelles
7
Q
Type of organelles that contains the genetic material of the DNA and nucleoli.
A
Nucleus
8
Q
Another function of Nucleus.
A
Site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal sub-unit assembly.
9
Q
The living material that surrounds the nucleus.
A
Cytoplasm
10
Q
Location and function of the nucleus?
A
Center of the cell; control and regulates cell activities and it contains most of the genetic material of the cell.
11
Q
Encloses the cytoplasm.
A
Plasma membrane/cell membrane
12
Q
Function and location of ribosomes.
A
This is where synthesis of proteins takes place. Located in the cytoplasm
13
Q
Function and location of Rough E.R
A
Many ribosomes are attached; site of protein synthesis. Located in the cytoplasm. Contains 1 small and 1 large sub-unit.
14
Q
Function and location of Smooth E.R
A
Consists of closely packed stacks of curved membrane bound sacs and site of lipid synthesis and takes part in detoxification of chemicals within the cells. Located in the cytoplasm.
15
Q
Function and location of Golgi Apparatus
A
Changes the structure of protein and helps in packaging of proteins in secretory vessels. Located in cytoplasm.
16
Q
Secretory Vesicles
A
Contains materials that are produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus and; secreted by exocytosis. Located in cytoplasm.
17
Q
Function and location of Lysosome.
A
Contains enzymes that digest material that will be taken into the cell. Loc. cytoplasm.
18
Q
Peroxisome
A
Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide which is a by-product of amino-acid, and fatty acid. Loc. cytoplasm.
19
Q
Mitochondria
A
Major site of ATP synthesis and site of aerobic respiration. Inner membrane contains folds called cristae. Loc. cytoplasm.
20
Q
Function and location of the Microtubule
A
Gives support to the cytoplasm; they also assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella. Loc. cytoplasm.
21
Q
Centrioles
A
In-charge of the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Loc. cytoplasm.
22
Q
Cilia
A
Moves substances over surfaces of certain cells. Loc. Cell surface
23
Q
Flagella
A
Propels (movement) sperm cells. Loc. sperm cell surface.
24
Q
Microvilli
A
Increases the surface area of certain cells. Loc. Extensions of cell surface.
25
Four major function of the cells
1. Cell metabolism
2. Synthesis of molecules
3. Communication
4. Inheritance and reproduction
26
Chemical reactions within the body is collectively called as?
Cell metabolism
27
The energy produced during cell metabolism are used in what cell activities?
Heat production, muscle contraction, and molecule production
28
What type of molecules are synthesized in the cell?
Lipid, nucleic acids, and proteins
29
______characteristics of ___ are determined by the type of molecule they synthesize.
Structural and functional; cells
30
Cells communicate by sending and receiving ____ and ________ ____?
Chemical and electrical signals
31
What is contained in each cell?
Copies of genetic information
32
Outermost part of the cell and encloses and divides the material inside and outside the cell.
Cell membrane/plasma membrane
33
Substances inside the cell.
Intracellular substances
34
Substances outside the cell.
Extracellular substances
35
Cell membrane acts as _____; decides what goes inside and outside the cell.
Selective barrier
36
Two types of molecules that make up the cell?
Phospholipids and proteins
37
Other types of molecules present in the cell.
Cholesterol and carbohydrates
38
Model of the arrangement of molecules inside the cell?
Fluid Mosaic Model
39
A type of phospholipid that is polar (water loving) and has a phosphate-containing end, faces the fluids in the cell
Hydrophilic
40
A type of phospholipid that is non-polar (water fearing) and has a fatty-acid ends, faces away from the fluids inside the cell.
Hydrophobic
41
Double layer of phospholipids inside the cells forms ______ between inside and outside the cell.
Lipid barrier
42
Involved in the movement of substances through the cell membrane.
Membrane channel and carrier molecules
43
Part of the intercellular communication, and it enables recognition and coordination of cell activities.
Receptor molecules
44
Semi permeable; it allows substances to pass through but not all
Cell membrane
45
In the cell membrane substances such as enzymes, glycogen, potassium ions (k+) are at _______
Higher concentration intracellularly
46
In the cell membrane substances such as enzymes Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- are at _______
Low concentration extracellularly
47
in the cell membrane, _____ enter; _____ exits
Nutrients; wastes
48
What movement through the cell membrane does not require energy to move?
Passive membrane transport mechanism
49
Examples of Passive membrane transport mechanism?
Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
50
What movement through the cell membrane requires energy to move?
Active membrane transport mechanism
51
Examples of active membrane transport mechanism?
Active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
52
Solutes such as ions/molecules move from higher area of concentration to an area of lower concentration is what type of movement through the cell membrane?
Diffusion
53
Composed of solutes and solvent?
Solution
54
_____ are substances that are dissolved in either gas/liquid which is called the _______
Solute; solvent
55
Difference in the concentration of a solute bet. two points divided by the distance bet. the two points.
Concentration gradient
56
What happens when substances moves down or with its CG?
Solute is diffusing from higher to lower concentration
57
What happens when substances moves up or against its CG?
Solute is diffusing from lower to higher CG
58
Does substances that moves up/against its CG require energy to move?
YES!
59
Acts as barrier to most water-soluble substances in the cellular membrane
Phospholipid bi-layer
60
Certain __________ substances can diffuse between _______ of the cells
Small water-soluble; phospholipid molecules
61
What is the water soluble substance/s that can diffuse across the cell membrane only through passing _____ _______.
Ions; cell membrane channels
62
What molecules can easily pass the phospholipid bi-layers? Give examples.
Lipid-soluble molecules i.e. 02 and C02, & steroids
63
Two classes of cell membrane channels
1. Leak channel
| 2. Gated channel
64
What type of cell membrane channels constantly allows ions to pass through?
Leak channel
65
What type of cell membrane channels opens and closes to limit the entry of ions across the cellular membrane?
Gated channels
66
Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane (CM) from a region with high water concentration to a region with low water concentration.
OSMOSIS
67
What is the importance of osmosis?
Osmosis is important because cells large volume changes caused by water movement can disrupt cells normal functions.
68
Osmosis occurs when cellular membrane is ____,_____, and ______.
less permeable, selectively permeable, and not permeable to solutes.
69
Water diffuses from the _______ (less sugar, more water) to ______ (more sugar, less water)
Less concentrated; more concentrated
70
Force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. This is also the measure of tendency of water to move by osmosis to SPM.
Osmotic pressure
71
This is produced when the weight of the solution in the tube rises.
Hydrostatic pressure
72
The _______ the amount of solution the ________ its osmotic pressure and the ______ the tendency of water to move into the solution.
The greater, the greater, the greater
73
This type of solution has low concentration solutes; higher concentration of water.
Hypotonic solution
74
This type of solution has lower osmotic pressure.
Hypotonic solution
75
What will happen in the cells under hypotonic solution?
The cells will swell, and may rupture.
76
What is the process wherein cells under hypotonic solution swells and may rupture?
Lysis
77
This type of solution has high solute concentration but lower water concentration?
Hypertonic solution
78
what will happen to the cells under hypertonic solution? What is the process?
Cells will shrink; crenation
79
These are proteins within the cells that are involved in carrier mediated transport mechanism
Carrier molecules
80
What is the function of the carrier molecules?
moves larger water-soluble substances or electrically charged ions across cell membrane
81
Carrier mediated transport mechanism exhibits ______. Only ______ molecules are transported by carriers.
Specificity: specific
82
NA+ will be carried by Na+ channels? T or F?
True
83
Kinds of CMTM?
Facilitated diffusion, active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
84
Moves SUBSTANCES across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an with lower concentration of that specific substance.
Facilitated diffusion
85
What substances are transported via facilitated diffusion?
glucose, NA+
86
Will facilitated diffusion require metabolic energy to perform Why or why not and explain.
No because it moves with its CG
87
This type of CMTM, moves substances from an area with lower water concentration to an area with higher water concentration.
Active transport
88
Active transport requires what?
Metabolic energy in the form of ATP.
89
This type of cmtm, actively transports ONE substance such NA+ causing the formation of a CG
Secondary active transport
90
In the secondary active transport, the diffusion of the substances down its CG ________?
Provides energy to transport 2nd substance such as glycose, across CM.
91
Type of transport wherein, diffusing substances moves in the same direction with the transported substance?
Cotransport
92
Type of transport wherein, diffusing substances moves in the opposite direction with the transported substance?
Counter transport
93
Membrane bound sacs that transports large water soluble molecules that cant be transported by carrier molecules?
Vesicles
94
Uptake of materials through the cell membrane.
Endocytosis
95
Used in endocytosis when solid particles are engulfed. Also called as cell-eating.
Phagocytosis
96
This also known as cell-eating, smaller vesicles are formed, and contain liquid rather than solid.
Pinocytosis
97
Allows the release of materials from cells.
Exocytosis
98
This bound the nucleus and consists of inner and outer membranes, w/ narrow space bet.
Nuclear envelope
99
Forms when nuclear envelope come together. Materials can also pass in and out the nucleus.
Nuclear pores
100
Consists of DNA and proteins.
Chromosomes
101
How many pairs of chromosomes are present in the nuclei of human cells?
23
102
Chromosomes that are loosely coiled.
Chromatin
103
Called as little nucleus which diffuses bodies with no surrounding membrane.
Nucleolus
104
Sub-units of ribosomes are located in where?
Nucleoli
105
Produced in the nucleolus to form small and large ribosomal sub-unit.
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)
106
Material within the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Mitochondrial matrix
107
Acts as internal framework of the cell.
Cytoskeleton
108
Type of protein structure that is hollow, formed from protein synthesis.
Microtubules
109
Type of protein structure that are small fibrils from protein sub-units. involved in cell movement during cell division.
Microfilaments
110
Type of protein structure that are smaller than microtubules but are bigger than microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
111
Located in the centrosome, made up of microtubules
Centrioles
112
Process wherein the DNA contains the information that directs protein synthesis.
Gene expression
113
Sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein.
Gene
114
Process wherein cells make a copy of the gene necessary to make a particular protein. Where does this occur?
Translation; nucleus
115
Process wherein the copied info is converted into a protein. Where does this occur?
Transcription; ribosomes
116
This is the copy of the genes that is produced during transcription.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
117
Ingredients necessary for protein synthesis
Amino acids
118
Two major phases of the cell cycle and their functions
Interphase- non-dividing
| Cell division- dividing
119
What happens in the interphase?
Cell is replicated
120
What is cell division?
The formation of cells from a single parent
121
What is mitosis?
Forms new cells for growth and tissue repair
122
What is Meiosis?
Forms sex cells necessary for reproduction.
123
What type of cells are diploid?
All cells except sex cells (46)
124
What type of cells are haploid?
Sex cells (23)
125
Process wherein parents cells divides, forming 2 new daughter cells with the same amount of DNA with the parent cell.
Mitosis
126
Four major processes of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
127
A process in mitosis wherein each chromosomes consists of two chromatids joined together in a centromere.
Prophase
128
A process in mitosis wherein the two nuclei assume their normal shape, and cell division is completed producing 2 new daughter cells.
Telophase
129
A process in mitosis wherein chromosomes align at the center of the cell plate
Metaphase
130
A process in mitosis wherein chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.
Anaphase
131
The process by which cells develop with specialized functions and structures.
Differentiation
132
Also called as programmed cell death because this is the process wherein cell numbers with various tissues are adjusted and controlled.
Apoptosis
133
Apoptosis ____ excess cells to maintain a ____ number of cells within the tissue.
eliminates; constant
134
Specialized cells that phagocytize cell fragments during apoptosis.
Microphages
