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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

Determines the function and form of the human body.

A

Cells

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2
Q

Basic living unit of all living organisms?

A

Cells

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3
Q

Human have what type of cells?

A

Multiple

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4
Q

Cells are specialized to perform _______?

A

Specific functions

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5
Q

Organelles are also called as?

A

Little organs

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6
Q

They are specialized parts of the cells that perform a specific function.

A

Organelles

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7
Q

Type of organelles that contains the genetic material of the DNA and nucleoli.

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

Another function of Nucleus.

A

Site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal sub-unit assembly.

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9
Q

The living material that surrounds the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Location and function of the nucleus?

A

Center of the cell; control and regulates cell activities and it contains most of the genetic material of the cell.

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11
Q

Encloses the cytoplasm.

A

Plasma membrane/cell membrane

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12
Q

Function and location of ribosomes.

A

This is where synthesis of proteins takes place. Located in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

Function and location of Rough E.R

A

Many ribosomes are attached; site of protein synthesis. Located in the cytoplasm. Contains 1 small and 1 large sub-unit.

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14
Q

Function and location of Smooth E.R

A

Consists of closely packed stacks of curved membrane bound sacs and site of lipid synthesis and takes part in detoxification of chemicals within the cells. Located in the cytoplasm.

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15
Q

Function and location of Golgi Apparatus

A

Changes the structure of protein and helps in packaging of proteins in secretory vessels. Located in cytoplasm.

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16
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

Contains materials that are produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus and; secreted by exocytosis. Located in cytoplasm.

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17
Q

Function and location of Lysosome.

A

Contains enzymes that digest material that will be taken into the cell. Loc. cytoplasm.

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18
Q

Peroxisome

A

Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide which is a by-product of amino-acid, and fatty acid. Loc. cytoplasm.

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Major site of ATP synthesis and site of aerobic respiration. Inner membrane contains folds called cristae. Loc. cytoplasm.

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20
Q

Function and location of the Microtubule

A

Gives support to the cytoplasm; they also assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella. Loc. cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Centrioles

A

In-charge of the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Loc. cytoplasm.

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22
Q

Cilia

A

Moves substances over surfaces of certain cells. Loc. Cell surface

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23
Q

Flagella

A

Propels (movement) sperm cells. Loc. sperm cell surface.

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24
Q

Microvilli

A

Increases the surface area of certain cells. Loc. Extensions of cell surface.

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25
Q

Four major function of the cells

A
  1. Cell metabolism
  2. Synthesis of molecules
  3. Communication
  4. Inheritance and reproduction
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26
Q

Chemical reactions within the body is collectively called as?

A

Cell metabolism

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27
Q

The energy produced during cell metabolism are used in what cell activities?

A

Heat production, muscle contraction, and molecule production

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28
Q

What type of molecules are synthesized in the cell?

A

Lipid, nucleic acids, and proteins

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29
Q

______characteristics of ___ are determined by the type of molecule they synthesize.

A

Structural and functional; cells

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30
Q

Cells communicate by sending and receiving ____ and ________ ____?

A

Chemical and electrical signals

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31
Q

What is contained in each cell?

A

Copies of genetic information

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32
Q

Outermost part of the cell and encloses and divides the material inside and outside the cell.

A

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

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33
Q

Substances inside the cell.

A

Intracellular substances

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34
Q

Substances outside the cell.

A

Extracellular substances

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35
Q

Cell membrane acts as _____; decides what goes inside and outside the cell.

A

Selective barrier

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36
Q

Two types of molecules that make up the cell?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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37
Q

Other types of molecules present in the cell.

A

Cholesterol and carbohydrates

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38
Q

Model of the arrangement of molecules inside the cell?

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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39
Q

A type of phospholipid that is polar (water loving) and has a phosphate-containing end, faces the fluids in the cell

A

Hydrophilic

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40
Q

A type of phospholipid that is non-polar (water fearing) and has a fatty-acid ends, faces away from the fluids inside the cell.

A

Hydrophobic

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41
Q

Double layer of phospholipids inside the cells forms ______ between inside and outside the cell.

A

Lipid barrier

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42
Q

Involved in the movement of substances through the cell membrane.

A

Membrane channel and carrier molecules

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43
Q

Part of the intercellular communication, and it enables recognition and coordination of cell activities.

A

Receptor molecules

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44
Q

Semi permeable; it allows substances to pass through but not all

A

Cell membrane

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45
Q

In the cell membrane substances such as enzymes, glycogen, potassium ions (k+) are at _______

A

Higher concentration intracellularly

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46
Q

In the cell membrane substances such as enzymes Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- are at _______

A

Low concentration extracellularly

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47
Q

in the cell membrane, _____ enter; _____ exits

A

Nutrients; wastes

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48
Q

What movement through the cell membrane does not require energy to move?

A

Passive membrane transport mechanism

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49
Q

Examples of Passive membrane transport mechanism?

A

Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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50
Q

What movement through the cell membrane requires energy to move?

A

Active membrane transport mechanism

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51
Q

Examples of active membrane transport mechanism?

A

Active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

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52
Q

Solutes such as ions/molecules move from higher area of concentration to an area of lower concentration is what type of movement through the cell membrane?

A

Diffusion

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53
Q

Composed of solutes and solvent?

A

Solution

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54
Q

_____ are substances that are dissolved in either gas/liquid which is called the _______

A

Solute; solvent

55
Q

Difference in the concentration of a solute bet. two points divided by the distance bet. the two points.

A

Concentration gradient

56
Q

What happens when substances moves down or with its CG?

A

Solute is diffusing from higher to lower concentration

57
Q

What happens when substances moves up or against its CG?

A

Solute is diffusing from lower to higher CG

58
Q

Does substances that moves up/against its CG require energy to move?

A

YES!

59
Q

Acts as barrier to most water-soluble substances in the cellular membrane

A

Phospholipid bi-layer

60
Q

Certain __________ substances can diffuse between _______ of the cells

A

Small water-soluble; phospholipid molecules

61
Q

What is the water soluble substance/s that can diffuse across the cell membrane only through passing _____ _______.

A

Ions; cell membrane channels

62
Q

What molecules can easily pass the phospholipid bi-layers? Give examples.

A

Lipid-soluble molecules i.e. 02 and C02, & steroids

63
Q

Two classes of cell membrane channels

A
  1. Leak channel

2. Gated channel

64
Q

What type of cell membrane channels constantly allows ions to pass through?

A

Leak channel

65
Q

What type of cell membrane channels opens and closes to limit the entry of ions across the cellular membrane?

A

Gated channels

66
Q

Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane (CM) from a region with high water concentration to a region with low water concentration.

A

OSMOSIS

67
Q

What is the importance of osmosis?

A

Osmosis is important because cells large volume changes caused by water movement can disrupt cells normal functions.

68
Q

Osmosis occurs when cellular membrane is ____,_____, and ______.

A

less permeable, selectively permeable, and not permeable to solutes.

69
Q

Water diffuses from the _______ (less sugar, more water) to ______ (more sugar, less water)

A

Less concentrated; more concentrated

70
Q

Force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. This is also the measure of tendency of water to move by osmosis to SPM.

A

Osmotic pressure

71
Q

This is produced when the weight of the solution in the tube rises.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

72
Q

The _______ the amount of solution the ________ its osmotic pressure and the ______ the tendency of water to move into the solution.

A

The greater, the greater, the greater

73
Q

This type of solution has low concentration solutes; higher concentration of water.

A

Hypotonic solution

74
Q

This type of solution has lower osmotic pressure.

A

Hypotonic solution

75
Q

What will happen in the cells under hypotonic solution?

A

The cells will swell, and may rupture.

76
Q

What is the process wherein cells under hypotonic solution swells and may rupture?

A

Lysis

77
Q

This type of solution has high solute concentration but lower water concentration?

A

Hypertonic solution

78
Q

what will happen to the cells under hypertonic solution? What is the process?

A

Cells will shrink; crenation

79
Q

These are proteins within the cells that are involved in carrier mediated transport mechanism

A

Carrier molecules

80
Q

What is the function of the carrier molecules?

A

moves larger water-soluble substances or electrically charged ions across cell membrane

81
Q

Carrier mediated transport mechanism exhibits ______. Only ______ molecules are transported by carriers.

A

Specificity: specific

82
Q

NA+ will be carried by Na+ channels? T or F?

A

True

83
Q

Kinds of CMTM?

A

Facilitated diffusion, active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis

84
Q

Moves SUBSTANCES across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an with lower concentration of that specific substance.

A

Facilitated diffusion

85
Q

What substances are transported via facilitated diffusion?

A

glucose, NA+

86
Q

Will facilitated diffusion require metabolic energy to perform Why or why not and explain.

A

No because it moves with its CG

87
Q

This type of CMTM, moves substances from an area with lower water concentration to an area with higher water concentration.

A

Active transport

88
Q

Active transport requires what?

A

Metabolic energy in the form of ATP.

89
Q

This type of cmtm, actively transports ONE substance such NA+ causing the formation of a CG

A

Secondary active transport

90
Q

In the secondary active transport, the diffusion of the substances down its CG ________?

A

Provides energy to transport 2nd substance such as glycose, across CM.

91
Q

Type of transport wherein, diffusing substances moves in the same direction with the transported substance?

A

Cotransport

92
Q

Type of transport wherein, diffusing substances moves in the opposite direction with the transported substance?

A

Counter transport

93
Q

Membrane bound sacs that transports large water soluble molecules that cant be transported by carrier molecules?

A

Vesicles

94
Q

Uptake of materials through the cell membrane.

A

Endocytosis

95
Q

Used in endocytosis when solid particles are engulfed. Also called as cell-eating.

A

Phagocytosis

96
Q

This also known as cell-eating, smaller vesicles are formed, and contain liquid rather than solid.

A

Pinocytosis

97
Q

Allows the release of materials from cells.

A

Exocytosis

98
Q

This bound the nucleus and consists of inner and outer membranes, w/ narrow space bet.

A

Nuclear envelope

99
Q

Forms when nuclear envelope come together. Materials can also pass in and out the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pores

100
Q

Consists of DNA and proteins.

A

Chromosomes

101
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are present in the nuclei of human cells?

A

23

102
Q

Chromosomes that are loosely coiled.

A

Chromatin

103
Q

Called as little nucleus which diffuses bodies with no surrounding membrane.

A

Nucleolus

104
Q

Sub-units of ribosomes are located in where?

A

Nucleoli

105
Q

Produced in the nucleolus to form small and large ribosomal sub-unit.

A

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA)

106
Q

Material within the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Mitochondrial matrix

107
Q

Acts as internal framework of the cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

108
Q

Type of protein structure that is hollow, formed from protein synthesis.

A

Microtubules

109
Q

Type of protein structure that are small fibrils from protein sub-units. involved in cell movement during cell division.

A

Microfilaments

110
Q

Type of protein structure that are smaller than microtubules but are bigger than microfilaments

A

Intermediate filaments

111
Q

Located in the centrosome, made up of microtubules

A

Centrioles

112
Q

Process wherein the DNA contains the information that directs protein synthesis.

A

Gene expression

113
Q

Sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein.

A

Gene

114
Q

Process wherein cells make a copy of the gene necessary to make a particular protein. Where does this occur?

A

Translation; nucleus

115
Q

Process wherein the copied info is converted into a protein. Where does this occur?

A

Transcription; ribosomes

116
Q

This is the copy of the genes that is produced during transcription.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

117
Q

Ingredients necessary for protein synthesis

A

Amino acids

118
Q

Two major phases of the cell cycle and their functions

A

Interphase- non-dividing

Cell division- dividing

119
Q

What happens in the interphase?

A

Cell is replicated

120
Q

What is cell division?

A

The formation of cells from a single parent

121
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Forms new cells for growth and tissue repair

122
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Forms sex cells necessary for reproduction.

123
Q

What type of cells are diploid?

A

All cells except sex cells (46)

124
Q

What type of cells are haploid?

A

Sex cells (23)

125
Q

Process wherein parents cells divides, forming 2 new daughter cells with the same amount of DNA with the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

126
Q

Four major processes of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

127
Q

A process in mitosis wherein each chromosomes consists of two chromatids joined together in a centromere.

A

Prophase

128
Q

A process in mitosis wherein the two nuclei assume their normal shape, and cell division is completed producing 2 new daughter cells.

A

Telophase

129
Q

A process in mitosis wherein chromosomes align at the center of the cell plate

A

Metaphase

130
Q

A process in mitosis wherein chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

131
Q

The process by which cells develop with specialized functions and structures.

A

Differentiation

132
Q

Also called as programmed cell death because this is the process wherein cell numbers with various tissues are adjusted and controlled.

A

Apoptosis

133
Q

Apoptosis ____ excess cells to maintain a ____ number of cells within the tissue.

A

eliminates; constant

134
Q

Specialized cells that phagocytize cell fragments during apoptosis.

A

Microphages

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (8 decks)

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