Cell Theory Flashcards
What is cell theory?
Cells are the unit of structure and function of all living organisms. New cells only come from pre existing cells.
What are the three parts that make up a cell?
Plasma membrane
organelles
cytoplasm
What are the two main parts to a virus?
Capsid - made of protein
Core - made from DNA/RNA
Why are viruses considered non living?
Lack cell structure Do not ingest nutrients Do not grow or maintain themselves Do not self reproduce They depend on host cell for replication
How does DNA virus replicate?
- virus inserts DNA into host cell
- DNA then goes into host DNA
- Host cell makes virus
How does RNA virus replicate?
- Virus inserts RNS and reverse transcriptase into host cell
- Host cell makes viral DNA
- Viral DNA inserts into host DNA
- Host cell makes more virus
TEM?
transmission - see inside
SEM?
scanning - outside
What is resolution?
the ability to distinguish between two near by objects.
What is magnification?
How big something appears to be.
Average size of plant cell
10-100 um
Average size of organelle/bacteria
1-10 um
Average size of small molecules?
1-10 nm
Average size of virus
100nm
What is the surface area to volume ratio?
When an object gets bigger the ratio decreases until the ratio is 1:1. When it become that the volume is less than 1 the cell will divide or die.
What does volume Determine about a cell?
it determines the needs of a cell
What does surface area determine about a cell?
The ability to meet the needs of the cell
What are the needs of the cell?
Nutrients, oxygen and getting rid of waste (co2)
What kingdoms are in single cell?
Monera, protista and some fungi
What kingdoms are in multicellular?
Some fungi, plantae, animalia,
Non-specialzed cells are?
Unicellular
specialised cells are?
multicellular
Different tissue types?
Epithelial - skin
Muscle - muscles
connective - blood
nervous - nerves
What does the cell wall do?
Protects cell from bursting
What does the plasma membrane do?
Regulates what goes in and out of the cell
What is mesosome?
It happens just before binary fission, it pulls the cell apart.
What is cytoplasm?
The fluid that surrounds the organelles.
What do ribosomes do?
They make protein and are protein synthesisers, repair cells, help grow the cell and help in metabolic activity.
What is the nucleiod?
Place where chromosomes are located
What is flagella?
It is for movement of the cell
What is pili for?
It is for cell recognition.
What is the cell wall of bacteria made from?
Peptidoglycan
What is the cell wall of plants made from?
cellulose, lignin
What is the cell wall of fungi made from?
Chitin
What are the functions of life in a unicellular organism? two examples
Have one cell that carries out all functions of life. Paramecium and Chlamydomonas
What are the three exceptions to cell theory?
- Skeletal muscle enclosed in membrane but are much longer. they are 300mm or more with hundreds of nuclei.
- Giant algae - grow up to 100mm but only have one nuclei
- Aseptate fungi - thread like structure, containing many nuclei.
What are emergent properties?
they arise from interaction of different complex structures. all different cells working together to allow something to happen.
Differentiation
process of determining a pathway of development into specialised cells.
What are stem cells?
Cells that can divide and differentiate along any pathway of development.
Where are stem cells found in adult body?
Liver, bone marrow, skin.
Two diseases that can be treated through therapeutic stem cell use
Stargarts - retina malfunction causing blindness
leukaemia - cancer to do with amount of white blood cells
ju
